Osteogenesis evaluation of hMSCs seeded on different TPMS scaffolds. (A) ALP staining and (B) quantification of hMSCs on days 7 and 14. (C) ARS staining and (D) quantification of hMSCs on days 14 and 28. (E and F) Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of OCN of hMSCs seeded on different TPMS scaffolds after 7 d of incubation. (G–J) Relative expression of osteogenic-related gene expression including ALP, OCN, COL-1, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) of hMSCs on day 7. Sample size n = 3 for all experiments by one-way or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 denote statistical significance.