Table 2.

Number of Studies, Including Intervention Functions and Policy Categories [23].

Intervention Functions	Definition	Number of Studies Identified Yes (Uncertain)
Education	Increasing knowledge and understanding by informing, explaining, showing and providing feedback through facts.	39 (0)
Training	Opportunities to acquire new skills—physical, cognitive, emotional and social skills—by repeated practice and feedback.	38 (0)
Enablement	Providing support to improve ability to change in a variety of ways not covered by other intervention types.	36 (0)
Incentivisation	Changing the attractiveness of a behavior by creating an expectation of reward or avoidance of undesired outcome, which could be financial, material or social.	27 (1)
Environmental Restructuring	Constraining or promoting behavior by shaping the physical environment (e.g., layout, infrastructure, barriers or equipment) or social environment (e.g., interactions, communication and social support structures).	38 (0)
Persuasion	Using words and images to change the way people feel by making the behavior more attractive (e.g., inducing joy, fun and amusement) or less attractive (e.g., inducing fear, shame or embarrassment).	30 (1)
Modelling	Examples for people to aspire to or copy, as a way of learning and feeling motivated to engage in behaviors.	2 (32)
Coercion	Changing the attractiveness of a behavior by creating expectation of undesired outcome or denial of desired outcomes, e.g., pricing, fines or sanctions.	0 (0)
Restrictions	Using rules to reduce opportunities to engage in a behavior (e.g., bans).	19 (0)
Policy Categories	Definition	Number of Studies Identified Yes (Uncertain)
Regulations	Establishing rules or principles of behavior or practice.	30 (0)
Service Provision	Delivering a service;:provision of services, materials and/or social resources and aids.	38 (0)
Guidelines	Creating documents that recommend or mandate practice. This includes all changes to service provision. Documents that make evidence-based recommendations for practice.	39 (0)
Environmental/social planning	Designing and/or controlling the physical or social environment. Architecture, urban and rural planning, object and location design, social care, employment, equality, benefits, security and education.	38 (0)
Communication/marketing	Using print, electronic, telephonic or broadcast media. Mass or digital media campaigns and correspondence.	21 (2)
Fiscal Measures	Using the tax system to reduce or increase the financial cost.	0 (0)
Legislation	Establishing rules or principles of behavior or practice.	0 (0)