Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of covariates in each wave, 2011–2018.
| 2011 (n = 2190) |
2013 (n = 2463) |
2015 (n = 1214) |
2018 (n = 1677) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital Outpatient | Primary Care Outpatient | Hospital Outpatient | Primary Care Outpatient | Hospital Outpatient | Primary Care Outpatient | Hospital Outpatient | Primary Care Outpatient | ||
| Economic region (%) | West | 187 (28.38) | 498 (32.53) | 252 (27.21) | 556 (36.17) $ | 141 (31.13) | 260 (34.17) | 229 (30.17) | 319 (34.75) |
| Middle | 259 (39.30) | 563 (36.77) | 319 (34.45) | 577 (37.54) | 160 (35.32) | 263 (34.56) | 292 (38.47) | 309 (33.66) | |
| East | 213 (32.32) | 470 (30.70) | 355 (38.34) | 404 (26.28) | 152 (33.55) | 238 (31.27) | 238 (31.36) | 290 (31.59) | |
| PGDP, mean (SD) | 36,982.30 (21,940.17) |
32,471.47 (19,918.12) $ # |
49,101.86 (29,244.55) |
39,804.78 (24,459.99) $ | 51,337.25 (31,650.07) |
45,033.61 (27,548.94) $ | 59,428.61 (34,705.76) |
51,235.13 (29,271.44) $ | |
| Current residence, n (%) | Rural | 341 (51.75) | 1099 (71.78) $ # | 480 (51.84) | 1056 (68.71) $ | 254 (56.07) | 554(72.80) $ | 415 (54.68) | 674 (73.42) $ |
| Urban | 318 (48.25) | 432 (28.22) | 446 (48.16) | 481 (31.29) | 199 (43.93) | 207 (27.20) | 344 (45.32) | 244 (26.58) | |
| Self-reported health status, n (%) | Poor | 313 (47.50) | 717 (46.83) # | 375 (40.50) | 602 (39.17) | 196 (43.27) | 313 (41.13) | 329 (43.4) | 410 (44.66) |
| Fair | 143 (21.70) | 318 (20.77) | 225 (24.30) | 382 (24.85) | 100 (22.08) | 179 (23.52) | 346 (45.65) | 414 (45.10) | |
| Good | 203 (30.80) | 496 (32.40) | 326 (35.21) | 553 (35.98) | 157 (34.66) | 269 (35.35) | 83 (10.95) | 94 (10.24) | |
| ADL limitations, n (%) | No | 516 (78.30) | 1130 (73.81) $ # | 714 (77.11) | 1152 (74.95) | 341 (75.28) | 541(71.09) | 576 (75.89) | 612 (66.67) $ |
| Yes | 143 (21.70) | 401 (26.19) | 212 (22.89) | 385 (25.05) | 112 (24.72) | 220 (28.91) | 183 (24.11) | 306 (33.33) | |
| IADL limitations, n (%) | No | 477 (72.38) | 1067 (69.69) # | 682 (73.65) | 1109 (72.15) | 319 (70.42) | 547 (71.88) | 536 (70.62) | 574 (62.53) $ |
| Yes | 182 (27.62) | 464 (30.31) | 244 (26.35) | 428 (27.85) | 134 (29.58) | 214 (28.12) | 223 (29.38) | 344 (37.47) | |
| Depression, n (%) | No | 347 (52.66) | 681 (44.48) $ # | 560 (60.48) | 871 (56.67) | 269 (59.38) | 403 (52.96) $ | 422 (55.60) | 416 (45.32) $ |
| Yes | 312 (47.34) | 850 (55.52) | 366 (39.52) | 666 (43.33) | 184 (40.62) | 358 (47.04) | 337 (44.40) | 502 (54.68) | |
| Age group, n (%) | 45–49 | 97 (14.72) | 197 (12.87) $ # | 104 (11.23) | 182 (11.84) | 21 (4.64) | 40 (5.26) | 2 (0.26) | 2 (0.22) |
| 50–59 | 249 (37.78) | 494 (32.27) | 345 (37.26) | 505 (32.86) | 157 (34.66) | 247 (32.46) | 281 (37.02) | 288 (31.37) | |
| 60–69 | 207 (31.41) | 527 (34.42) | 293 (31.64) | 541 (35.20) | 169 (37.31) | 286 (37.58) | 250 (32.94) | 355 (38.67) | |
| 70–79 | 86 (13.05) | 247 (16.13) | 145 (15.66) | 244 (15.88) | 89 (19.65) | 139 (18.27) | 182 (23.98) | 209 (22.77) | |
| ≥80 | 20 (3.03) | 66 (4.31) | 39 (4.21) | 65 (4.23) | 17 (3.75) | 49 (6.44) | 44 (5.8) | 64 (6.97) | |
| Sex, n (%) | Female | 372 (56.45) | 923 (60.29) | 563 (60.80) | 914 (59.47) | 228 (50.33) | 454 (59.66) $ | 429 (56.52) | 571 (62.20) $ |
| Male | 287 (43.55) | 608 (39.71) | 363 (39.20) | 623 (40.53) | 225 (49.67) | 307 (40.34) | 330 (43.48) | 347 (37.80) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | Without spouse | 75 (11.38) | 219 (14.30) # | 130 (14.04) | 226 (14.70) | 95 (20.97) | 182 (23.92) | 101 (13.31) | 165 (17.97) $ |
| With spouse | 584 (88.62) | 1312 (85.70) | 796 (85.96) | 1311 (85.30) | 358 (79.03) | 579 (76.08) | 658 (86.69) | 753 (82.03) | |
| Education, n (%) | Elementary school and below | 406 (61.61) | 1208 (78.90) $ # | 536 (57.88) | 1155 (75.15) $ | 254 (56.07) | 572 (75.16) $ | 446 (58.76) | 716 (78.00) $ |
| Secondary school | 230 (34.90) | 313 (20.44) | 347 (37.47) | 370 (24.07) | 175 (38.63) | 186 (24.44) | 290 (38.21) | 198 (21.57) | |
| College and above | 23 (3.49) | 10 (0.65) | 43(4.64) | 12 (0.78) | 24 (5.30) | 3 (0.39) | 23 (3.03) | 4 (0.44) | |
| Work status, n (%) | Unemployed | 303 (45.98) | 594 (38.80) $ # | 382 (41.25) | 508 (33.05) $ | 175 (38.63) | 273 (35.87) $ | 279 (36.76) | 306 (33.33) $ |
| Employed | 227 (34.45) | 870 (56.83) | 335 (36.18) | 913 (59.40) | 160 (35.32) | 432 (56.77) | 281 (37.02) | 543 (59.15) | |
| Retired | 129 (19.58) | 67 (4.38) | 209 (22.57) | 116 (7.55) | 118 (26.05) | 56 (7.36) | 199 (26.22) | 69 (7.52) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | Never | 435 (66.01) | 998 (65.19) $ # | 618 (66.74) | 987 (64.22) $ | 250 (55.19) | 480 (63.07) $ | 469 (61.79) | 570 (62.09) |
| Used to smoke | 94 (14.26) | 138 (9.01) | 111 (11.99) | 132 (8.59) | 99 (21.85) | 110 (14.45) | 146 (19.24) | 146(15.90) | |
| Now | 130 (19.73) | 395 (25.80) | 197 (21.27) | 418 (27.20) | 104 (22.96) | 171 (22.47) | 144 (18.97) | 202 (22.00) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | Never | 488 (74.05) | 1097 (71.65) | 694 (74.95) | 1090 (70.92) $ | 298 (65.78) | 537 (70.57) | 551 (72.60) | 670 (72.98) $ |
| <1 time per month | 40 (6.07) | 118 (7.71) | 74 (7.99) | 120 (7.81) | 42 (9.27) | 56 (7.36) | 63 (8.30) | 49 (5.34) | |
| ≥1 times per month | 131 (19.88) | 316 (20.64) | 158 (17.06) | 327 (21.28) | 113 (24.94) | 168 (22.08) | 145 (19.1) | 199 (21.68) | |
| Number of chronic diseases, n (%) | 0 | 101 (15.33) | 283 (18.48) # | 133 (14.36) | 265 (17.24) | 61 (13.47) | 128 (16.82) $ | 43 (5.67) | 77 (8.39) |
| 1 | 179 (27.16) | 420 (27.43) | 238 (25.70) | 419 (27.26) | 84 (18.54) | 174 (22.86) | 123 (16.21) | 147 (16.01) | |
| ≥2 | 379 (57.51) | 828 (54.08) | 555 (59.94) | 853 (55.50) | 308 (67.99) | 459 (60.32) | 593 (78.13) | 694 (75.6) | |
| Frequency of social activity, n (%) | None | 321 (48.71) | 762 (49.77) # | 366 (39.52) | 625 (40.66) | 172 (37.97) | 317 (41.66) | 305 (40.18) | 422 (45.97) $ |
| Not regular | 89 (13.51) | 224 (14.63) | 129 (13.93) | 238 (15.48) | 74 (16.34) | 130 (17.08) | 117 (15.42) | 144 (15.69) | |
| Almost every week | 70 (10.62) | 180 (11.76) | 108 (11.66) | 191 (12.43) | 61 (13.47) | 93 (12.22) | 88 (11.59) | 112 (12.20) | |
| Almost every day | 179 (27.16) | 365 (23.84) | 323 (34.88) | 483 (31.42) | 146 (32.23) | 221 (29.04) | 249(32.81) | 240 (26.14) | |
| Medical insurance status, n (%) |
None | 23 (3.49) | 79 (5.16) $ # | 34 (3.67) | 36 (2.34) $ | 19 (4.19) | 27 (3.55) $ | 11 (1.45) | 18 (1.96) $ |
| Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance | 112 (17.00) | 56 (3.66) | 198 (21.38) | 91 (5.92) | 98 (21.63) | 57 (7.49) | 154 (20.29) | 49 (5.34) | |
| Urban and rural resident medical insurance | 469 (75.27) | 1379 (90.07) | 664 (71.17) | 1400 (91.09) | 313 (69.09) | 667 (87.65) | 570 (75.10) | 846 (92.16) | |
| other medical insurance | 28 (4.25) | 17 (1.11) | 30 (3.24) | 10 (0.65) | 23 (5.08) | 10 (1.31) | 24 (3.16) | 5 (0.54) | |
| PCE/yuan, mean (SD) | 4070.36 (3010.56) | 2793.09 (2161.98) | 3138.75 (2289.70) | 2222.34 (1665.37) | 6372.15 (5190.50) | 4487.86 (3703.05) | 8878.39 (6564.50) | 5851.12 (4792.40) | |
| ln PCE, mean (SD) | 8.04 (0.77) | 7.67 (0.73) $ # | 7.80 (0.72) | 7.46 (0.72) $ | 8.44 (0.82) | 8.13 (0.74) $ | 8.82 (0.77) | 8.39 (0.76) $ | |
| Number of caregivers, n (%) | 0 | 525 (79.67) | 1245 (81.32) # | 742 (80.13) | 1212 (78.85) | 344 (75.94) | 580 (76.22) | 575 (75.76) | 637 (69.39) $ |
| 1 | 13 (1.97) | 38 (2.48) | 105 (11.34) | 193 (12.56) | 54 (11.92) | 67 (8.80) | 87 (11.46) | 129 (14.05) | |
| 2–3 | 108 (16.39) | 208 (13.59) | 61 (6.59) | 103 (6.70) | 30 (6.62) | 69 (9.07) | 51 (6.72) | 72 (7.84) | |
| ≥4 | 13 (1.97) | 40 (2.61) | 18 (1.94) | 29 (1.89) | 25 (5.52) | 45 (5.91) | 46 (6.06) | 80 (8.71) | |
| Living arrangement, n (%) | Alone | 28 (4.25) | 108 (7.05) $ # | 95 (10.26) | 153 (9.95) | 66 (14.57) | 110 (14.45) | 86 (11.33) | 117 (12.75) |
| With relatives | 32 (4.86) | 118 (7.71) | 48 (5.18) | 120 (7.81) | 31 (6.84) | 78 (10.25) | 48 (6.32) | 34 (3.70) | |
| With spouse | 568 (86.19) | 1218 (79.56) | 768 (82.94) | 1237 (80.48) | 186 (41.06) | 286 (37.58) | 413 (54.41) | 486 (52.94) | |
| With offspring | 31 (4.70) | 87 (5.68) | 15 (1.62) | 27 (1.76) | 170 (37.53) | 287 (37.71) | 212 (27.93) | 281 (30.61) | |
Here, PCE = the per capita household consumption expenditure; ln PCE = natural logarithm of the per capita household consumption expenditure; PGDP = gross domestic product (GDP) per capital at prefecture city level. $ There are differences in covariates across the outpatient visit types based on the Chi-square test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. # There are differences in covariates across the years based on the Chi-square test, t-test, and one-way ANOVA.