Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of covariates in all four waves (N = 7544).
| Hospital Outpatient | Primary Care Outpatient | p Value | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic region (%) | West | 809 (28.92) | 1633 (34.40) | <0.001 | 2442 (32.37) |
| Middle | 1030 (36.83) | 1712 (36.06) | 2742 (36.35) | ||
| East | 958 (34.25) | 1402 (29.53) | 2360 (31.28) | ||
| PGDP, mean (SD) | 49,410.71 (30,805.59) | 40,488.35 (25,595.87) | <0.001 | 43,796.39 (27,974.17) | |
| Current residence, n (%) | Rural | 1490 (53.27) | 3383 (71.27) | <0.001 | 4873 (64.59) |
| Urban | 1307 (46.73) | 1364 (28.73) | 2671 (35.41) | ||
| Self-reported health status, n (%) | Poor | 1213 (43.38) | 2042 (43.02) | 0.070 | 3256 (43.15) |
| Fair | 814 (29.11) | 1293 (27.24) | 2107 (27.93) | ||
| Good | 769 (27.50) | 1412 (29.75) | 2181 (28.91) | ||
| ADL limitations, n (%) | No | 2147 (76.76) | 3435 (72.36) | <0.001 | 5582 (73.99) |
| Yes | 650 (23.24) | 1312 (27.64) | 1962 (26.01) | ||
| IADL limitations, n (%) | No | 2014 (72.01) | 3297 (69.45) | 0.019 | 5311 (70.40) |
| Yes | 783 (27.99) | 1450 (30.55) | 2233 (29.60) | ||
| Depression, n (%) | No | 1598 (57.13) | 2371 (49.95) | <0.001 | 3969 (52.61) |
| Yes | 1199 (42.87) | 2376 (50.05) | 3575 (47.39) | ||
| Age group, n (%) | 45–49 | 224 (8.01) | 421 (8.87) | <0.001 | 645 (8.55) |
| 50–59 | 1032 (36.90) | 1534 (32.32) | 2566 (34.01) | ||
| 60–69 | 919 (32.86) | 1709 (36.00) | 2628 (34.84) | ||
| 70–79 | 502 (17.95) | 839 (17.67) | 1341 (17.78) | ||
| ≥80 | 120 (4.29) | 244 (5.14) | 364 (4.83) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 61.85(9.55) | 62.35(9.56) | 0.029 | 62.17(9.56) | |
| Sex, n (%) | Female | 1592 (56.92) | 2862 (60.29) | 0.004 | 4454 (59.04) |
| Male | 1205 (43.08) | 1885 (39.71) | 3090 (40.96) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | Without spouse | 401 (14.34) | 792 (16.68) | 0.007 | 1193 (15.81) |
| With spouse | 2396 (85.66) | 3955 (83.32) | 6351 (84.19) | ||
| Education, n (%) | Elementary school and below | 1642 (58.71) | 3651 (76.91) | <0.001 | 5293 (70.16) |
| Secondary school | 1042 (37.25) | 1067 (22.48) | 2109 (27.96) | ||
| College and above | 113 (4.04) | 29 (0.61) | 142 (1.88) | ||
| Work status, n (%) | Unemployed | 1139 (40.72) | 1681 (35.41) | <0.001 | 2820 (37.38) |
| Employed | 1003 (35.86) | 2758 (58.10) | 3761 (49.85) | ||
| Retired | 655 (23.42) | 308 (6.49) | 963 (12.77) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | Never | 1772 (63.35) | 3035 (63.94) | <0.001 | 4807 (63.72) |
| Used to smoke | 450 (16.09) | 526 (11.08) | 976 (12.94) | ||
| Now | 575 (20.56) | 1186 (24.98) | 1761 (23.34) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | Never | 2031 (72.61) | 3394 (71.50) | 0.158 | 5425 (71.91) |
| <1 time per month | 219 (7.83) | 343 (7.23) | 562 (7.45) | ||
| ≥1 times per month | 547 (19.56) | 1010 (21.28) | 1557 (20.64) | ||
| Number of chronic diseases, n (%) | 0 | 338 (12.08) | 753 (15.86) | <0.001 | 1091 (14.46) |
| 1 | 624 (22.31) | 1160 (24.44) | 1784 (23.65) | ||
| ≥2 | 1835 (65.61) | 2834 (59.70) | 4669 (61.89) | ||
| Frequency of social activity, n (%) | None | 1164 (41.62) | 2126 (44.79) | 0.001 | 3290 (43.61) |
| Not regular | 409 (14.62) | 736 (15.50) | 1145 (15.18) | ||
| Almost every week | 327 (11.69) | 576 (12.13) | 903 (11.97) | ||
| Almost every day | 897 (32.07) | 1309 (27.58) | 2206 (29.24) | ||
| Medical insurance status, n (%) | None | 87 (3.11) | 160 (3.37) | <0.001 | 247 (3.27) |
| Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance | 562 (20.09) | 253 (5.33) | 815 (10.80) | ||
| Urban and rural resident medical insurance | 2043 (73.04) | 4292 (90.41) | 6335 (83.97) | ||
| other medical insurance | 105 (3.75) | 42 (0.88) | 147 (1.95) | ||
| PCE/yuan, mean (SD) | 5439.45 (5044.94) | 3471.36 (3309.48) | 4201.05 (4150.81) | ||
| ln PCE, mean (SD) | 8.24 (0.87) | 7.81 (0.82) | <0.001 | 7.97 (0.86) | |
| Number of caregivers, n (%) | 0 | 2186 (78.16) | 3674 (77.40) | 0.620 | 5860 (77.68) |
| 1 | 259 (9.26) | 427 (9.00) | 686 (9.09) | ||
| 2–3 | 250 (8.94) | 452 (9.52) | 702 (9.31) | ||
| ≥4 | 102 (3.65) | 194 (4.09) | 296 (3.92) | ||
| Living arrangement, n (%) | Alone | 275 (9.83) | 488 (10.28) | 0.027 | 763 (10.11) |
| With relatives | 159 (5.68) | 350 (7.37) | 509 (6.75) | ||
| With spouse | 1935 (69.18) | 3227 (67.98) | 5162 (68.43) | ||
| With offspring | 428 (15.30) | 682 (14.37) | 1110 (14.71) | ||
Here, PCE = the per capita household consumption expenditure; ln PCE = natural logarithm of the per capita household consumption expenditure; PGDP = gross domestic product (GDP) per capital at prefecture city level.