Table 3.
Built environment predictors of adult mental health and risk behaviors a.
| Poor Mental Health Days | Depression | Inadequate Sleep (<7 h a Night) | Current Smoking | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Built Environment Characteristics | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) b | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) b | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) b | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) b |
| Single lane road | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | 0.51 (0.48, 0.55) | 0.82 (0.78, 0.87) | 0.19 (0.13, 0.24) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.87) |
| 2nd tertile | 0.32 (0.28, 0.35) | 0.60 (0.55, 0.64) | −0.19 (−0.25, −0.14) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.41) |
| Chain-linked fence | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.21) | 0.43 (0.37, 0.48) | −0.30 (−0.37, −0.24) | −0.58 (−0.65, −0.52) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.14 (−0.17, −0.10) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.14) | −0.40 (−0.45, −0.35) | −0.80 (−0.85, −0.75) |
| Crosswalks | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.80 (−0.84, −0.76) | −1.29 (−1.35, −1.23) | −0.56 (−0.62, −0.49) | −2.04 (−2.10, −1.97) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.16 (−0.19, −0.12) | −0.35 (−0.40, −0.30) | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.09) | −0.68 (−0.74, −0.63) |
| Sidewalks | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.89 (−0.93, −0.85) | −1.46 (−1.52, −1.40) | 0.51 (0.44, 0.57) | −1.68 (−1.74, −1.61) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.19 (−0.23, −0.16) | −0.37 (−0.42, −0.32) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | −0.65 (−0.71, −0.60) |
| Non-single family home | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.68 (−0.72, −0.64) | −1.37 (−1.43, −1.32) | −0.67 (−0.73, −0.60) | −1.11 (−1.17, −1.04) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.31 (−0.35, −0.28) | −0.44 (−0.48, −0.39) | −0.82 (−0.88, −0.77) | −0.51 (−0.56, −0.45) |
| Street lights | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.28 (−0.32, −0.25) | −0.80 (−0.86, −0.75) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | −1.02 (−1.09, −0.96) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.18 (−0.21, −0.14) | −0.25 (−0.30, −0.20) | −0.11 (−0.16, −0.05) | −0.57 (−0.63, −0.52) |
| Street signs | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.42 (−0.46, −0.38) | −0.81 (−0.87, −0.75) | 0.57 (0.50, 0.64) | −1.23 (−1.30, −1.16) |
| 2nd tertile | 0.18 (−0.22, −0.15) | −0.30 (−0.35, −0.25) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.04) | −0.72 (−0.77, −0.66) |
| 2 or more cars | ||||
| 3rd tertile (highest) | −0.67 (−0.72, −0.63) | −1.18 (−1.24, −1.12) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.24) | −1.69 (−1.75, −1.62) |
| 2nd tertile | −0.17 (−0.20, −0.13) | −0.34 (−0.39, −0.29) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | −0.64 (−0.69, −0.58) |
| N | 67,167 | 67,167 | 67,167 | 67,167 |
a Data source for health outcome: CDC PLACES 2021. b Adjusted Linear regression models were run for each outcome separately. Models controlled for census tract population size, percent of the population 65 years and older, percent male, percent Hispanic, percent black, median household income, percent female headed households, and percent owner occupied housing, percent with a college degree, percent employed, and child opportunity index. Built environment characteristics were categorized into tertiles, with the lowest tertile serving as the referent group. Standard errors adjusted for clustering of values within a census tract.