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Sketch of bulk nanobubbles generation and characterization. (a) Bulk nanobubbles are generated by ultrasonic cavitation method. The surfactant and electrolyte solutions are prepared prior to ultrasonication. (b) The nanobubbles are characterized with laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) combined with an electrophoresis technique and (c) nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) system.
