Skip to main content
. 2022 Oct 3;119(41):e2209699119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209699119

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Dynamics of interkingdom group-level surface mobility and spreading. (A) Surface mobility of the colonized interkingdom assemblage during biofilm initiation. Solid line, leading edge of the interkingdom assemblage at different timepoints; dotted line, leading edge at initial position; solid dot, bacterial biovolume centroid at different timepoints; hollow dot, bacterial biovolume centroid at initial position; purple arrow, path of the bacterial biovolume centroid over time. Green, S. mutans; cyan, C. albicans. (Scale bar, 50 μm.) (B) Side-views (orthogonal projections) of selected time-frames obtained by time-lapse confocal microscopy for B1) aggregated S. mutans (Agg S.m.); B2: interkingdom assemblages of S. mutans and C. albicans (Assembl); B3: fungicide-treated assemblages (Assembl+fungicide). See Movies S1–S3 for B1–B3. Green, S. mutans; cyan, C. albicans. Solid dot, bacterial biovolume centroid at different timepoints; hollow dot, bacterial biovolume centroid at the initial position. (Scale bar, 50 μm.) (C–E) Four dimensional time-resolved trajectories of the bacterial biovolume centroids within surface-attached assemblage, aggregated S. mutans, and fungicide-treated assemblage. Color code: gray, projections of track onto xy-plane; other colors, time elapsed during the biofilm growth (0 to 450 min). (F) Accumulated S. mutans displacement (total path length) of the bacterial centroid relative to the initial position. Lines correspond to mean, shaded region to SD of n = 4 independent replicates. *P < 0.05 by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (t = 6.5 h).