Table 3. Associations of predictor variables and post-intensive care syndrome at 12 months.
| Factor | No PICS | PICS | OR (95% CI) | p | OR adjusted for age and gender (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 58 | 52 | |||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 63.4 (54, 72.4) | 61.1 (53.4, 74.5) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.49 | NA | NA | |
| Female, n (%) | 8 (14%) | 9 (17%) | 1.31 (0.46, 3.69) | 0.61 | NA | NA | |
| In partnership, n (%) | 48 (84%) | 42 (81%) | 0.79 (0.29, 2.12) | 0.64 | 0.78 (0.29, 2.11) | 0.62 | |
| Children, n (%) | 46 (79%) | 46 (88%) | 2 (0.69, 5.78) | 0.20 | 1.85 (0.62, 5.5) | 0.27 | |
| Highest education | School, n (%) | 6 (12%) | 6 (12%) | 1.07 (0.32, 3.57) | 0.91 | 1.17 (0.31, 4.34) | 0.82 |
| Diploma/apprenticeship, n (%) | 34 (65%) | 38 (78%) | 1.83 (0.76, 4.42) | 0.18 | 1.79 (0.73, 4.36) | 0.2 | |
| University, n (%) | 12 (23%) | 5 (10%) | 0.38 (0.12, 1.17) | 0.09 | 0.37 (0.12, 1.15) | 0.09 | |
| Employed at baseline, n (%) | 29 (51%) | 25 (49%) | 0.93 (0.44, 1.98) | 0.85 | 1.19 (0.45, 3.1) | 0.73 | |
| Setting of cardiac arrest | |||||||
| Setting of cardiac arrest | At home | 14 (25%) | 17 (33%) | 0.83 (0.41, 1.64) | 0.58 | 0.82 (0.41, 1.66) | 0.59 |
| In public | 39 (70%) | 30 (59%) | |||||
| IHCA | 3 (5%) | 4 (8%) | |||||
| Observed cardiac arrest | 54 (93%) | 52 (100%) | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Bystander CPR | 46 (79%) | 37 (71%) | 0.64 (0.27, 1.54) | 0.32 | 0.59 (0.24, 1.45) | 0.25 | |
| Professional bystander | 15 (54%) | 11 (61%) | 1.36 (0.41, 4.54) | 0.62 | 1.71 (0.42, 6.90) | 0.45 | |
| Initial rhythm | Ventricular tachycardia | 5 (9%) | 2 (4%) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.21 | 0.77 (0.51, 1.17) | 0.22 |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 41 (71%) | 40 (78%) | |||||
| Asystole | 1 (2%) | 5 (10%) | |||||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 3 (5%) | 4 (8%) | |||||
| Unknown | 8 (14%) | 0 (0%) | |||||
| No-flow (min), median (IQR) | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.24 | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 0.20 | |
| Low-flow (min), median (IQR) | 11 (9, 17) | 12 (6, 30) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.21 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.13 | |
| Time until ROSC (min), median (IQR) | 15 (10, 20) | 20 (8, 30) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.13 | 1.03 (1, 1.06) | 0.07 | |
| Adrenaline | No adrenaline | 36 (69%) | 20 (43%) | 2.03 (1.19, 3.47) | 0.01 | 2.30 (1.30, 4.09) | 0.004 |
| >0 and <3 mg | 10 (19%) | 13 (28%) | |||||
| ≥3 mg | 6 (12%) | 13 (28%) | |||||
| Clinical scores at ICU arrival | |||||||
| APACHE II, median (IQR) | 24 (17, 28) | 28 (22, 32) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.01 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.01 | |
| SAPS II, median (IQR) | 58 (39, 66) | 60 (50, 70) | 1.02 (1, 1.05) | 0.11 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.13 | |
| GCS, median (IQR) | 5 (3, 15) | 4 (3, 9) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.38 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.30 | |
| Reason for OHCA at ICU admission | |||||||
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 38 (70%) | 33 (63%) | 0.73 (0.32, 1.65) | 0.45 | 0.75 (0.32, 1.73) | 0.49 | |
| Rhythmogenic, n (%) | 10 (19%) | 11 (21%) | 1.18 (0.45, 3.07) | 0.73 | 1.17 (0.44, 3.12) | 0.75 | |
| Other or unclear reason, n (%) | 6 (11%) | 8 (15%) | 1.45 (0.47, 4.52) | 0.52 | 1.39 (0.44, 4.39) | 0.58 | |
| Intensive care treatment | |||||||
| Intubation, n (%) | 37 (64%) | 41 (79%) | 2.12 (0.9, 4.97) | 0.09 | 2.34 (0.97, 5.64) | 0.06 | |
| Total days of intubation, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 6) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) | 0.08 | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 0.07 | |
| Targeted temperature management (TTM), n (%) | 30 (52%) | 31 (60%) | 1.38 (0.65, 2.94) | 0.41 | 1.61 (0.71, 3.63) | 0.25 | |
| Vasoactives, n (%) | 47 (81%) | 38 (73%) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.56) | 0.32 | 0.65 (0.26, 1.59) | 0.34 | |
| Impella / IABP, n (%) | 5 (9%) | 7 (13%) | 1.65 (0.49, 5.55) | 0.42 | 1.89 (0.54, 6.59) | 0.32 | |
| Sedatives, n (%) | 49 (84%) | 48 (92%) | 2.2 (0.64, 7.64) | 0.21 | 2.28 (0.65, 8.02) | 0.20 | |
| Coronary angiography, n (%) | 50 (86%) | 45 (87%) | 1.03 (0.35, 3.06) | 0.96 | 1.14 (0.37, 3.51) | 0.82 | |
| Medical complications during ICU stay | |||||||
| Aspiration, n (%) | 25 (43%) | 20 (38%) | 0.83 (0.38, 1.77) | 0.62 | 0.87 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.73 | |
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 28 (48%) | 25 (48%) | 0.99 (0.47, 2.1) | 0.98 | 1.05 (0.49, 2.25) | 0.90 | |
| Hemorrhage, n (%) | 3 (5%) | 8 (15%) | 3.33 (0.83, 13.31) | 0.09 | 3.36 (0.83, 13.54) | 0.09 | |
| Delirium, n (%) | 18 (31%) | 18 (35%) | 1.18 (0.53, 2.61) | 0.69 | 1.18 (0.53, 2.64) | 0.68 | |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 5 (9%) | 10 (19%) | 2.52 (0.8, 7.95) | 0.11 | 2.46 (0.77, 7.81) | 0.13 | |
| Seizure, n (%) | 2 (3%) | 4 (8%) | 2.33 (0.41, 13.3) | 0.34 | 2.63 (0.45, 15.27) | 0.28 | |
| Days in ICU, median (IQR) | 4 (2, 8) | 4.5 (2, 7) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 0.39 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.27 | |
| Total days of hospital stay, median (IQR) | 13 (8, 16) | 14 (7, 21) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.22 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.20 | |
| Poor mRS score at ICU discharge, n (%) | 6 (11%) | 17 (33%) | 4.05 (1.45, 11.29) | 0.01 | 3.97 (1.42, 11.12) | 0.01 | |
| Poor CPC score at ICU discharge, n (%) | 9 (16%) | 20 (38%) | 3.26 (1.32, 8.08) | 0.01 | 3.22 (1.29, 8.04) | 0.01 | |
| Follow-up on patients after 3 months | |||||||
| Rehabilitation | None | 19 (33%) | 7 (13%) | 0.32 (0.12, 0.84) | 0.02 | 0.31 (0.12, 0.82) | 0.02 |
| Up to 3 weeks | 21 (36%) | 16 (31%) | 0.78 (0.35, 1.74) | 0.55 | 0.79 (0.36, 1.77) | 0.57 | |
| More than 3 weeks | 18 (31%) | 29 (56%) | 2.8 (1.28, 6.11) | 0.01 | 2.88 (1.3, 6.38) | 0.01 | |
| Working status | Still working | 26 (48%) | 17 (36%) | 0.61 (0.27, 1.36) | 0.23 | 0.69 (0.23, 2.01) | 0.49 |
| Work lost | 3 (6%) | 7 (15%) | 2.98 (0.72, 12.24) | 0.13 | 3.07 (0.74, 12.82) | 0.12 | |
| No work prior to OHCA | 25 (46%) | 23 (49%) | 1.11 (0.51, 2.43) | 0.79 | 0.72 (0.24, 2.11) | 0.55 |
Note: Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; ROSC, return to spontaneous circulation; IABP, intra-aortal balloon pump; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; CPC, Cerebral Performance Category; APACHE II, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation Score II; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II.