Table 2.
Description of the differentiated variables.
| Author | Year | Type of Study | Most Prevalent Manifestations | Most Frequent Locations | Associated Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zakeri et al. [14] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Erosion, hyperkeratosis, oral pigmentation, and oral ulcers | Hard palate, soft palate, and lower lip | - |
| Ali et al. [15] | 2020 | Case–control | Oral ulcers | - | Haplotype C of CD34 gene polymorphism associated with oral ulcers. |
| Aterido et al. [16] | 2017 | Cohort | Oral ulcers | - | VEGF pathway, increased SLE activity, and worse prognosis associated with oral ulcers. |
| Li et al. [17] | 2014 | Cohort | - | - | APL antibody and a lower prevalence of oral ulcers. |
| Leite et al. [18] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | More than 75% with dry mouth | - | Disease activity, medication, 27+ years associated with hyposalivation. |
| Manzano et al. [19] | 2021 | Case–control | Decreased salivary flow rate | - | Negative impact on quality of life and mental health related to xerostomia. |
| Chacon et al. [20] | 2020 | Cohort | Hyperpigmented macules due to medication | Hard palate, cheeks and tongue | - |
| Aurlene et al. [21] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Oral ulcer | Hard palate | Patient age and gingival bleeding. Disease activity and decayed, missing teeth, gingival bleeding, increased probing depth, and oral mucosal lesions. |
| Hammoudeh et al. [22] | 2018 | Pilot study | Oral ulcers | Hard palate | Increased prevalence of candidiasis, infections, and periodontitis in SLE patients. |
| Crincoli et al. [23] | 2020 | Case–control | Oral ulcers, glossodynia, fissured tongue, cheilitis | Hard palate, buccal mucosa, and lips | Hyposalivation, TMJ, and muscle involvement with SLE. |
| Fonseca et al. [24] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Oral ulceration, arthritis, and secondary Sjögren’s syndrome | - | Ulcers and juvenile SLE. Arthritis and Sjögren’s disease, and adult SLE. |
| Choi et al. [25] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Oral ulcers and Sjögren’s syndrome | - | Ulcers and juvenile SLE. Sjögren’s disease and adult SLE. |
| Artim-Esen et al. [26] | 2017 | Cohort | Oral ulcers | - | Most common oral ulcers and viral infections in juvenile-onset SLE. |
| Lee et al. [27] | 2013 | Cohort | Malar rash, arthritis and oral ulceration | - | More common in pediatric-onset SLE. |
| Novak et al. [28] | 2018 | Cohort | Oral ulcers | Palate | Most frequent oral ulcers in patients with long interval to diagnosis. |