Table 3.
Oral signs and symptoms and their significant association.
| Author | Parameter 1 | Parameter 2 | Significance Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zakeri et al. [14] | Prevalence of SLE | 1. Age 2. Sex |
1. Not significant, p = 0.3 2. Not significant, p = 0.35 |
| Ali et al. [15] | CD34 gene haplotypes | 1. Distribution A, D–H 2. Distribution B, C 3. Single or multiple ulcers 4. Pain associated with oral ulceration |
1. Significant, p ≤ 0.001 2. Not significant, p = 0.22 and p = 0.21 3. Significant, p = 0.04 for E 4. Not significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Aterido et al. [16] | Via VEGF | Presence of oral ulcers | Significant, p = 0.044 |
| Li et al. [17] | 1. APL antibody 2. Anti-Sm and anti-rRNP antibodies |
1. Lower prevalence of oral ulcers 2. Malar rash |
1. Significant, p < 0.05 2. Significant, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 |
| Leite et al. [18] | Severity of hyposalivation | 1. SLE activity 2. Medication 3. Age (>27 years) |
1. Significant, p = 0.004 2. Not significant, p = 0.442 3. Significant, p = 0.021 |
| Manzano et al. [19] | LES | Lower salivary flow stimulated and not | Significant, p = 0.004 and p = 0.016 |
| Chacon et al. [20] | Hyperpigmented macules | Antimalarials Retinal toxicity |
1. Not significant 2. Not significant |
| Aurlene et al. [21] | 1. Age 2. LES activity 3. LES activity |
1. Gingival bleeding and decayed and missing teeth 2. Gingival bleeding, attachment loss, and oral mucosal injuries 3. Decayed teeth |
1. Significant, p < 0.05 2. Significant, p < 0.001 3. Significant, p < 0.05 |
| Hammoudeh et al. [22] | SLE > 8 years | Periodontitis | Significant, p = 0.002 |
| Crincoli et al. [23] | LES | 1. Headache in the temples and difficulty opening the mouth 2. Decreased salivary flow 3. Limited left protrusion and left laterality 4. Notches on lateral edges of the tongue 5. Cheilitis, fissured tongue and oral ulcers |
1. Significant, p = 0.035 and p = 0.043 2. Significant, p < 0.0001 3. Significant, p < 0.001 and p = 0.0282 4. Significant, p = 0.007 5. Significant, p = 0.028, p = 0.006 and p = 0.045 |
| Fonseca et al. [24] | Juvenile LES | Oral ulcers and malar rash | Significant, p = 0.001 |
| Adult SLE | Arthritis | Significant, p = 0.04 | |
| Choi et al. [25] | Juvenile LES | Oral ulcers | Significant, p = 0.022 |
| Late SLE | Sjögren’s syndrome | Significant, p = 0.021 | |
| Artim-Esen et al. [26] | Juvenile LES | Oral ulcers | Significant, p = 0.008 |
| Lee et al. [27] | Sex | Oral ulcers | Not significant, p = 0.3152 |
| Novak et al. [28] | SLE > 3 months after diagnosis | Oral ulcers | Significant, p = 0.032 |