Table 3.

The structure of the DeCo-B and pilot study results.

Structure of the Data Collection Booklet			Pilot Study Results
Ref.	No. of Items	Variable, Validated Test/Criteria, and Categories	N (%) or Mean ± SD	Time (min)
		1. Sociodemographic Factors
	4	Sex		1
		Women	131 (61.2)
		Men	81 (37.9)
		Age	72.8 ± 11.2
		[50, 65)	57 (27.1)
		[65, 80)	85 (40.5)
		[80, 95]	68 (32.4)
		Marital status
		Married	139 (65.6)
		Widow	57 (26.6)
		Separated/divorced	6 (2.8)
		Single	10 (4.7)
		Family history of dementia
		Yes	34 (16.0)
		No	179 (84.0)
		2. Cognitive Impairment
	1	Subjective memory complaint	79 (37.1)	<1
[30]	8	Memory Impairment Screen (MIS) [0, 8]	6.8 ± 2.0	2
		CI risk [0, 4]	21 (9.9)
		No CI risk (4, 8]	191 (90.1)
[32]	10	Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ) [0–10]	1.1 ± 1.3	3
		CI risk [3–4, 10]	28 (13.2)
		No CI risk [0, 3–4)	185 (87.0)
[31]	1	Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) [0, +∞)	17.5 ± 7.1	1
		CI risk [0, 10]	16 (7.5)
		No CI risk [10, +∞)	196 (92.5)
		3. Meaning in Life
[66]	13	Sense of coherence		8
		Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13) [13, 91]	69.1 ± 11.9
[67]	6	Purpose in life		4
		PiL subscale of Ryff’s Well-Being Scale (PiL) [6, 36]	29.6 ± 5.6
[68]	16	Engagement with life		8
		Engaged Living Scale (ELS) [16, 80]	70.1 ± 10.8
		4. Psychosocial Factors
[69]	4	Resilience		2
		Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) [4, 20]	16.7 ± 3.0
		Low [4, 13)	24 (11.3)
		Intermediate [13, 17]	104 (48.8)
		High (17, 20]	85 (39.9)
[70]	5	Depression		1
		Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5) [0, 5]	0.8 ± 1.3
		Risk of depression [2, 5]	46 (21.6)
		No risk of depression [0, 2)	167 (78.4)
[71]	4	Psychological distress		2
		Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) [0–12]	2.6 ± 2.6
		None [0, 2]	126 (59.2)
		Mild [3, 5]	57 (26.8)
		Moderate [6, 8]	22 (10.3)
		Severe [9, 12]	8 (3.8)
[72]	4	Stress		2
		Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) [0, 16]	3.8 ± 3.1
		Perceived stress (5.4, 16]	59 (27.7)
		No perceived stress [0, 5.4)	154 (72.3)
[73]	3	Loneliness		1
		UCLA-3 [3, 9]	3.9 ± 1.5
		Loneliness [6, 9]	27 (12.7)
		No loneliness [3, 6)	186 (87.3)
[74]	6	Social isolation		5
		Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) [0, 30]	18.8 ± 5.0
		Social isolation [0, 12]	24 (11.3)
		No social isolation (12, 30]	189 (88.7)
		5. Health Problems
[75]	1	Hypertension		5
		Yes [systolic BP > 140 mmHg–diastolic BP > 90 mmHg]	126 (60.0)
		No [systolic BP ≤ 140 mmHg–diastolic BP ≤ 90 mmHg]	84 (40.0)
[76]	1	Hypercholesterolemia
		Yes [CT > 200 mg/dL–CLDL > 100 mg/dL–CHDL ≤ 35–40 mg/dL]	94 (44.8)
		No [CT ≤ 200 mg/dL–CLDL ≤ 100 mg/dL–CHDL > 35–40 mg/dL]	116 (55.2)
[77]	1	Diabetes
		Yes [blood glucose > 126 mg/dL–HbA1c > 6.5%]	50 (23.5)
		No [blood glucose ≤ 126 mg/dL–HbA1c < 6.5%]	163 (76.5)
	1	Smoking habit		<1
		Non-smoker	117 (54.9)
		Former smoker	53 (24.9)
		Passive smoker	12 (5.6)
		Smoker	31 (14.6)
[39]	7	Risk of cardiovascular disease		1
		ERICE Scale [1, 84]	28.5 ± 17.4
		Low [1, 5)	1 (0.5)
		Mild [5, 9]	37 (17.4)
		Moderate [10, 14]	18 (8.5)
		Moderate–high [15, 19]	17 (8.0)
		High [20, 29]	42 (19.7)
		Very high [30, 84]	92 (42.2)
[40]	11	Dependency		1
		Independent for P-ADL and I-ADL [0, 11]	0.8 ± 2.0
		Dependent [1, 11]	48 (22.5)
	1	Hearing loss		<1
		Yes [self-perceived]	95 (44.6)
		No	118 (55.4)
	1	Chronic pain		<1
		Visual analogue scale (VAS) [0–10]	3.4 ± 2.8
		No pain [0]	54 (25.4)
		Mild [1, 3]	57 (26.8)
		Moderate [4, 6]	65 (30.5)
		Severe [7, 8]	23 (10.8)
		Excruciating [9, 10]	9 (4.2)
		6. Lifestyle
[78]	2	Anthropometry		<1
		WHO stepwise method
		BMI (kg/m2)	27.2 ± 4.1
		Normal weight [18.5, 25)	61 (28.6)
		Overweight [25, 30)	96 (46.6)
		Obese [30, +∞)	49 (23.8)
	1	Retired		<1
		Yes	145 (68.7)
		No	66 (31.3)
[79]	8	Cognitive reserve		2
		Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRC) [0, 25]	10.3 ± 5.1
		Low [0, 6]	55 (25.9)
		Intermediate–low [7, 9]	46 (21.7)
		Intermediate–high [10, 14]	65 (30.7)
		High [15, 25]	46 (21.7)
		Nutrition
[80]	14	Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MeDAS) [0, 14]	9.2 ± 2.1	3
		Low [0, 6]	20 (9.4)
		Intermediate [7, 9]	99 (46.7)
		High [10, 14]	93 (43.9)
[81]	6	Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) [0–14]	12.2 ± 1.9	2
		Risk of malnutrition [0, 12)	74 (34.7)
		Normal nutrition [12, 14]	139 (65.0)
[82]	7	Physical activity		5
		International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
		Low	50 (23.5)
		Moderate	95 (44.6)
		High	68 (31.9)
		Sleep
[83]	4	Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS) [0, 20]	7.38 ± 5.0	2
		Sleep disorder [12, 20]	41 (19.3)
		No sleep disorder [0, 12)	172 (80.8)
[84]	8	STOP-Bang Questionnaire [0, 8]	3.1 ± 1.4	2
		Low [0, 2]	81 (38.0)
		Intermediate [3–4]	97 (45.5)
		High [5, 8]	35 (16.4)
Total	159	No. of variables = 31; No. of tests = 23		69

Numerical results are described as means and standard deviations (mean ± SD) while qualitative results are described with sample sizes and percentages (n (%)). Abbreviations: BP: blood pressure; C_T: total cholesterol; C_LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; C_HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; P-ADL: personal activities of daily living; and I-ADL: instrumental activities of daily living.