Table 4.
Variables associated with cognitive impairment.
| Variable | Totals n (%) 213 (100) |
Risk CI n (%) 52 (24.4) |
No Risk CI n (%) 161 (75.6) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sociodemographic Factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| ( ± s) | 72.8 ± 11.2 | 78.9 ± 7.7 | 71.0 ± 11.5 | <0.001 a *** |
| [50, 65) | 57 (27.1) | 1 (2.0) | 56 (35.0) | <0.001 b *** |
| [65, 80) | 85 (40.5) | 25 (51.0) | 60 (37.0) | |
| [80, 95] | 68 (32.4) | 23 (47.0) | 45 (28.0) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 139 (65.6) | 26 (51.0) | 113 (70.2) | 0.013 b * |
| Widow | 57 (26.9) | 22 (43.1) | 35 (21.7) | |
| Separated/Divorced | 6 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.7) | |
| Single | 10 (4.7) | 3 (5.9) | 7 (4.3) | |
| 2. Cognitive Impairment | ||||
| Subjective memory complaint | ||||
| Yes | 79 (37.1) | 25 (48.1) 27 (51.9) |
54 (33.5) 107 (66.5) |
0.070 c |
| No | 134 (62.9) | |||
| Memory Impairment Screen (MIS) [0, 8] | ||||
| ( ± s) | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 d *** |
| CI risk [0, 4] | 21 (9.9) | 21 (40.4) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 b *** |
| No CI risk (4, 8] | 191 (90.1) | 31 (59.6) | 160 (100.0) | |
| Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ) [0, 10] | ||||
| ( ± s) | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | <0.001 d *** |
| CI risk [3–4, 10) No CI risk [0, 3–4) |
28 (13.1) | 28 (53.8) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 b *** |
| 185 (86.9) | 24 (46.2) | 161 (100.0) | ||
| Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) [0, +∞) ( ± s) |
17.4 ± 7.1 | 13.5 ± 5.1 | 18.7 ± 7.2 | <0.001 d *** |
| CI risk [0, 10] No CI risk [10, +∞) |
16 (7.5) | 16 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 b *** |
| 196 (92.5) | 36 (69.2) | 160 (100.0) | ||
| 3. Meaning in Life | ||||
| Purpose in life (PiL) [6, 36] ( ± s) |
29.6 ± 5.6 | 28.2 ± 5.9 | 30.0 ± 5.4 | 0.020 d * |
| Engagement with life (EwL) [16, 80] ( ± s) |
70.1 ± 10.8 | 72.3 ± 13.1 | 69.5 ± 9.9 | 0.016 d * |
| 4. Psychosocial Factors | ||||
| Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) [4, 20] ( ± s) |
16.3 ± 3.0 | 15.5 ± 3.1 | 16.5 ± 3.0 | 0.018 d * |
| Low [4, 13) Intermediate [13, 17] High (17, 20] |
24 (11.3) | 10 (19.2) | 14 (8.7) | 0.075 c † |
| 104 (48.8) | 26 (50.0) | 78 (48.4) | ||
| 85 (39.9) | 16 (30.8) | 69 (42.9) | ||
| 5. Health Problems | ||||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes [systolic BP > 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > 90 mmHg] No [systolic BP ≤ 140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≤ 90 mmHg] |
126 (60.0) | 38 (76.0) | 88 (55.0) | 0.008 c ** |
| 84 (40.0) | 12 (24.0) | 72 (45.0) | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
| Yes [Total > 200 mg/dL or LDL >100 mg/dL or HDL ≤ 35–40 mg/dL] No [Total ≤ 200 mg/dL or LDL ≤ 100 mg/dL or HDL > 35–40 mg/dL] |
94 (44.8) | 29 (55.8) | 65 (41.1) | 0.078 c † |
| 116 (55.2) | 23 (44.2) | 93 (58.9) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes [Blood glucose > 126 mg/dL or HbA1c > 6.5%] No [Blood glucose ≤ 126 mg/dL and HbA1c ≤ 6.5%] |
50 (23.5) | 18 (34.6) | 32 (19.9) | 0.038 c * |
| 163 (76.5) | 34 (65.4) | 129 (80.1) | ||
| ERICE Scale [1, 84] ( ± s) |
28.4 ± 17.4 | 36.9 ± 15.9 | 26.0 ± 17.1 | <0.001 d *** |
| Low [1, 5) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.002 b ** |
| Mild [5, 9] | 37 (17.9) | 3 (6.4) | 34 (21.2) | |
| Moderate [10, 14] | 18 (8.7) | 1 (2.1) | 17 (10.6) | |
| Moderate–high [15, 19] | 17 (8.2) | 2 (4.3) | 15 (9.4) | |
| High [20, 29] | 42 (20.3) | 8 (17.0) | 34 (21.2) | |
| Very high [30, 80] | 92 (44.4) | 33 (70.2) | 59 (36.9) | |
| Dependent chronic pain [0, 10] ( ± s) |
3.4 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 2.8 | 0.013 d * |
| No pain [0] | 54 (26.0) | 5 (10.0) | 49 (31.0) | 0.018 b * |
| Mild [1, 3] | 57 (27.4) | 17 (34.0) | 40 (25.3) | |
| Moderate [4, 6] | 65 (31.2) | 19 (38.0) | 46 (29.1) | |
| Severe [7, 8] | 23 (11.1) | 5 (10.0) | 18 (11.4) | |
| Unbearable [9, 10] | 9 (4.3) | 4 (8.0) | 5 (3.2) | |
| 6. Lifestyle | ||||
| BMI ( ± s) |
27.2 ± 4.1 | 28.3 ± 3.8 | 26.8 ± 4.1 | 0.017 a * |
| Normal weight [18.5, 25) | 61 (29.6) | 8 (16.3) | 53 (33.9) | 0.046 c * |
| Overweight [25, 30) | 96 (46.6) | 26 (51.3) | 70 (44.6) | |
| Obese [30, +∞) | 49 (23.8) | 15 (30.6) | 34 (21.7) | |
| Retired | ||||
| Yes No |
145 (68.7) | 48 (94.1) | 97 (60.6) | <0.001 b *** |
| 66 (31.3) | 3 (5.9) | 63 (39.4) | ||
| Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRC) [0, 25] ( ± s) |
10.3 ± 5.1 | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 11.0 ± 5.0 | <0.001 d *** |
| Low [0, 6] | 55 (25.9) | 22 (43.1) | 33 (20.5) | 0.010 b * |
| Intermediate–low [7, 9] | 46 (21.7) | 11 (21.6) | 35 (21.7) | |
| Intermediate–high [10, 14] | 65 (30.7) | 12 (23.5) | 53 (32.9) | |
| High [15, 25] | 46 (21.7) | 6 (11.8) | 40 (24.8) | |
| STOP–Bang Questionnaire [0, 8] ( ± s) |
3.1 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 0.005 d ** |
| Low [0, 2] | 81 (38.0) | 13 (25.0) | 68 (42.2) | 0.075 b † |
| Intermediate [3, 4] | 97 (45.5) | 28 (53.8) | 69 (42.9) | |
| High [5, 8] | 35 (16.4) | 11 (21.2) | 24 (14.9) | |
Variables associated with cognitive impairment. a: t-test for comparison of two independent means (one-sided); b: Fisher’s exact test; c: Chi-squared test; d: Wilcoxon test for two independent means (one-sided); †: p-value < 0.1; *: p-value < 0.05; **: p-value < 0.01; ***: p-value < 0.001.