Table A2.

Reviewed literature on the impacts of SWM practices in South America (compiled by authors).

Author	Study Area	Aim	Impacts on Humans	Impacts on the Environment	Recommendations/Implications
McAllister [39]	Peru, South America	To conduct a comprehensive review on the impact of inadequate SWM practices on natural and human environments	▪Spread of diseases. ▪Threats to public health.	▪The occurrence of littering. ▪Unsanitary urban conditions.	▪Public awareness, attitude change, and waste prevention campaigns. ▪Educate the citizenry on waste reduction and separation as a national policy and waste-minimization enactment.
Bezama et al. [66]	Concepción (Chile) province and the city of Estrela (Brazil)	To analyze the suitability of mechanical biological treatment of municipal solid waste in South America.	▪Landfilling of unsorted and untreated waste causes threats to public health.	▪Environmental pollution due to unsorted and untreated waste	▪Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of wastes before landfilling could be suitable for municipal SWM in South American countries.
Ansari [120]	Guyana (South America)	To develop effective and low-cost technologies for organic waste recycling	▪Odor nuisance and bacterial infections, including lungs, nose, sinus, and throat infections ▪Leachate polluting water bodies cause stomach infections.	▪Water pollution. ▪Air pollution. ▪Environment deterioration.	▪Combine effective technologies to enhance agricultural enrichment in developing countries.
Hoornweg & Giannelli [25]	Latin America and the Caribbean	To integrate the private sector to harness incentives in managing MS.W. in Latin America and the Caribbean.	▪CH4 gas released from landfills is detrimental to public health.	▪Air pollution due to CH4 emissions from landfills	▪Private participation. ▪Small-scale providers. ▪Integrate waste pickers into the SWM system. ▪Upgrading landfills. ▪Policies and incentives as key tools for an effective SWM system. ▪Build municipal capacity. ▪Tap from carbon finance.
Olay-Romero et al. [78]	Sixty-six Mexican municipalities, Mexico	To propose a basic set of indicators to analyze technical aspects of street cleaning, collection, and disposal.	▪Open-dumping practices produce disease vectors. ▪Landfills and open dump sites generate hazardous gases.	▪Open dumps and landfill sites pollute water, air, and land.	▪Increase the coverage of the collection services. ▪Improve the conditions of the disposal sites. ▪The proposed indicators can systematize the supervision and detection of areas of improvement in the MSWM.
Urban & Nakada [64]	Thirty Brazilian cities	Assess environmental impacts caused by shifts in solid waste production and management due to the COVID-19 pandemic.	▪Improper disposal of facemasks may increase the spread of COVID-19. ▪Economic and environmental losses due to sales of recyclable materials during the suspension of recycling programs and reducing landfill lifespan	▪Hindrance to natural resources for not being saved due to recycling programs’ suspension	▪Increase recycling capacity and environmental education, for example, using disposable packages and utensils from online shopping and food delivery. ▪Encourage waste pickers’ training. ▪Monitor the installed capacity and production for medical waste treatment. ▪Limit using disposable masks to health personnel only and reusable fabric facemasks to the general population.
Gavilanes-Terán et al. [75]	Ecuadorian province of Chimborazo, Ecuador.	Categorize organic wastes from the agroindustry and evaluate their potential use as soil amendments.	▪Disease transmissions by vectors formed due to indiscriminate organic waste disposal. ▪Leachates cause detrimental impacts on human health.	▪Odor generation ▪Water and air contaminations	▪The use of conditioning treatments, such as composting, is essential before using the residues for agricultural uses. ▪The wastes must be fully categorized before using for agricultural purposes.
Pérez et al. [102]	City of Valdivia (Chile)	Holistic environmental assessment perspective for municipal SWM.	▪Respiratory diseases triggered by GHGs’ emissions	▪Environmental pollution such as air pollution.	▪Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach allows the assessment of the potential impact of MSW management and disposal technologies.
Yousif & Scott [40]	Mazatenango, Guatemala	Examines the problems of SWM concerning administration, collection, handling, and disposal	▪Spread of infection from disease-carrying vectors such as rats and flies. ▪Skin and respiratory infections and physical disabilities from direct contact with waste.	▪Odor generation from indiscriminate dumping and proliferation of refuse on streets ▪Environmental pollution from leachates and emission of landfill gases	▪Strengthen the relationships among the stakeholders involved in the administrative, economic, social, and environmental aspects of SWM.
Azevedo et al. [70]	Rocinha, Brazil	To develop a SWM framework from the sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) perspective.	▪Transmission of diseases such as dengue and leptospirosis. ▪Respiratory infection due to hazardous gases emitted from the disposal sites.	▪Contaminated ditches. ▪Uneven and indiscriminate dumps. ▪Air and water pollution. Debris flows into rivers and the ocean.	▪Solve basic social issues related to security, education, and infrastructure. ▪Proposed an SSCM framework and strategies for better SWM
Penteado & de Castro [80]	Brazil	Reviews the main SWM recommendations during the pandemic.	▪Public exposure to waterborne infections such as intestinal worms, diarrhea, dengue fever, hepatitis A, leptospirosis, and Zika virus	▪Water, air, and land pollution	▪Public awareness and engagement campaigns to reduce infectious waste disposals.
Pereira & Fernandino [77]	Mata de São João, Brazil	Evaluates waste management quality and tests the applicability of a system of indicators	▪The proliferation of disease-carrying vectors. ▪Waterborne and airborne diseases.	▪Landscape and public space pollution.	▪Establish an integrated MSWM plan. ▪Provide a selective waste collection plan. ▪Environmental education programs. ▪Establish social inclusion program for the municipality’s recyclable material collectors.
Buenrostro & Bocco [121]	Mexico	Explores the causes and implications of MSW generation patterns	▪Public health threats due to lack of sanitary landfills	▪Unplanned sanitation landfills pollute the environment	▪Provide financial, technical, and human resources. ▪Involve skilled personnel in the decision-making process.
Juárez-Hernández [119]	Mexico City, Mexico	Evaluates MSW practices in the megacity.	▪Poorly managed MSW causes health and social issues for the residents.	▪Environmental pollution due to poor municipal SWM.	▪Mechanical–biological pre-treatment, composting, refuse-derived fuel production, and material recovery facilities to achieve sustainable MSWM.
de Morais Lima & Paulo [41]	Quilombola communities, Brazil	Proposes a new approach for SWM using risk analysis and complementary sustainability criteria	▪Indiscriminate disposal of wastes threatens public health. ▪Disease transmissions by vectors.	▪Air pollution due to open burning of dry waste. ▪Garbage disposal on land and water bodies.	▪Recommend a combination of household composting and source separation of dry waste.
Coelho & Lange [76]	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.	Investigates sustainable SWM solutions	▪Poor SWM threatens public health due to the generation of disease vectors.	▪Environmental degradation such as water and air pollution	▪New strategies that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable should be implemented.
Aldana-Espitia et al. [69]	City of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico.	Analyzes the existing municipal SWM process	▪The emission of hazardous gases is detrimental to human health. ▪Odor and respiratory infections. ▪Waterborne diseases due to leachates.	▪Air and water pollution. ▪Land contamination due to indiscriminate dumping.	▪Capture and use landfill gases for power generation. ▪Recover and recycle materials to mitigate environmental impacts.
Silva & Morais [81]	Craft brewery, the northeastern Brazilian city	Develops a collaborative approach to SWM.	▪Air- and waterborne-related diseases.	▪Land, water, and air pollution.	▪Sustainable responsibilities for the strategic performance of SWM in transitioning to a circular economy.
Morero et al. [71]	Cities in Argentina	Proposes a mathematical model for optimal selection of municipal SWM alternatives	▪Public health threats from informal landfills	▪High environmental pollution from the landfills	▪Waste sorting and recycling can increase profitability in small populations.
Bräutigam et al. [72]	Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile	Identifies the technical options for SWM to improve the sustainability of the system.	▪Emissions and odor from landfills cause fire risks and harm to human health ▪Leachate contaminates water bodies and causes waterborne infections.	▪Water and air pollutions due to leachate and landfill gas emissions.	▪Segregated collection of biowaste for diverting MSW from landfills and reducing associated negative impacts.
Vazquez et al. [110]	Bahia Blanca, Argentina.	Assesses the type and amount of MSW generated in the city	▪Hazardous gases emitted from open-air dumps affect human health.	▪Air and water pollution due to open-air dumps	▪Appropriate size and location of disposal facilities for source separation and a redesign of MSW collection routes. ▪Recycle components of MSW to create new jobs ▪Improve the working conditions of workers.
Zarate et al. [91]	San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala	Implements SWM program to address one of the public health needs	▪Low-quality drinking water due to pollution could cause waterborne diseases in humans.	▪Water contamination due to indiscriminate dumping of garbage.	▪Educate students and the community on the key SWM principles.
Rodic-Wiersma & Bethancourt [107]	Guatemala City, Guatemala	Evaluates the present situation of the SWM system	▪Adverse effects of dumpsites such as air pollution, leachates, and the proliferation of disease-carrying vectors. ▪Water contaminations could cause waterborne diseases.	▪Water pollution due to dumping of SW and discharging of sewage into rivers. ▪SW reduction through recycling programs	▪The informal sector is essential in recycling, which helps alleviate poverty, reduce the importation of materials, and conserve resources. ▪Public participation and consultation are essential for the SWM and a cleaner living environment.
Burneo et al. [113]	Cuenca (Ecuador)	Evaluates the role of waste pickers and the conditions of their activities	▪Threat to public health via increased GHG emissions	▪Reduction in GHG emissions by using recycled urban waste	▪Public campaigns to collect recyclers together and encourage public participation. ▪More economic investment to deploy new technologies to optimize waste collection and processing systems.