Table 7.

Diabetes classification results have been obtained by implementing six individual ML and weighted ensemble models in the proposed DDC-2011 and DDC-2017 datasets, including the imputation of missing value, feature picking, and hyperparameter tuning. The metrics of the best-performing single model are highlighted in bold fonts, whereas the blue underlines are used to indicate them in the proposed ensemble models.

Datasets	Different Classifiers	Sn ↑	Sp ↑	Acc ↑	AUC ↑
DDC-2011	GNB	$0.974\pm 0.005$	$0.037\pm 0.009$	$0.625\pm 0.003$	$0.637\pm 0.008$
	BNB	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.628\pm 0.000$	$0.637\pm 0.009$
	RF	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.628\pm 0.000$	$0.628\pm 0.000$
	DT	$0.964\pm 0.048$	$0.275\pm 0.036$	$0.707\pm 0.021$	$0.792\pm 0.025$
	XGB	$0.937\pm 0.007$	$0.398\pm 0.022$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{737}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{006}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{830}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{007}$
	LGB	$0.711\pm 0.011$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{662}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{035}$	$0.693\pm 0.013$	$0.796\pm 0.010$
	GNB + BNB	$0.974\pm 0.005$	$0.037\pm 0.009$	$0.626\pm 0.003$	$0.637\pm 0.010$
	RF + DT	$0.988\pm 0.023$	$0.247\pm 0.010$	$0.713\pm 0.016$	$0.791\pm 0.026$
	LGB + XGB	$0.854\pm 0.009$	$\underset{¯}{0.510\pm 0.036}$	$0.726\pm 0.008$	$0.826\pm 0.008$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF	$\underset{¯}{0.989\pm 0.010}$	$0.234\pm 0.049$	$0.708\pm 0.024$	$0.749\pm 0.018$
	GNB + BNB + XGB + LGB	$0.959\pm 0.005$	$0.358\pm 0.012$	$\underset{¯}{0.736\pm 0.006}$	$0.829\pm 0.010$
	DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.959\pm 0.008$	$0.357\pm 0.017$	$0.735\pm 0.008$	$\underset{¯}{0.832\pm 0.009}$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.984\pm 0.007$	$0.316\pm 0.012$	$0.735\pm 0.007$	$0.826\pm 0.011$
DDC-2017	GNB	$0.296\pm 0.115$	$0.778\pm 0.095$	$0.556\pm 0.009$	$0.581\pm 0.019$
	BNB	$0.264\pm 0.018$	$0.788\pm 0.012$	$0.546\pm 0.009$	$0.569\pm 0.016$
	RF	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.538\pm 0.000$	$0.538\pm 0.000$
	DT	$0.358\pm 0.041$	$0.757\pm 0.058$	$0.573\pm 0.014$	$0.602\pm 0.020$
	XGB	$0.440\pm 0.028$	$0.705\pm 0.006$	$0.582\pm 0.012$	$0.605\pm 0.017$
	LGB	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{571}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{030}$	$0.593\pm 0.014$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{583}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{017}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{606}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{022}$
	GNB + BNB	$0.250\pm 0.068$	$0.809\pm 0.051$	$0.551\pm 0.010$	$0.587\pm 0.020$
	RF + DT	$0.311\pm 0.037$	$0.801\pm 0.030$	$0.575\pm 0.014$	$0.600\pm 0.018$
	LGB + XGB	$\underset{¯}{0.490\pm 0.035}$	$0.667\pm 0.016$	$0.585\pm 0.019$	$0.612\pm 0.020$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF	$0.287\pm 0.039$	$\underset{¯}{0.819\pm 0.016}$	$0.573\pm 0.018$	$0.601\pm 0.021$
	GNB + BNB + XGB + LGB	$0.432\pm 0.038$	$0.712\pm 0.023$	$0.582\pm 0.015$	$0.612\pm 0.022$
	DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.418\pm 0.019$	$0.731\pm 0.016$	$0.586\pm 0.017$	$\underset{¯}{0.618\pm 0.021}$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.401\pm 0.026$	$0.749\pm 0.016$	$\underset{¯}{0.588\pm 0.018}$	$0.615\pm 0.022$