Table 8.

Diabetes classification results are shown in case-1, case-2, and case-3, where features are selected from the DDC-2017 dataset, DDC-2011 dataset, and both datasets, including missing value imputation and hyperparameter tuning. The metrics of the best-performing single model are highlighted in bold fonts, whereas the blue underlines are used to indicate them in the proposed ensemble models.

Cases	Different Classifiers	Sn ↑	Sp ↑	Acc ↑	AUC ↑
Merged datasets (Case-1)	GNB	$0.904\pm 0.014$	$0.181\pm 0.016$	$0.575\pm 0.009$	$0.587\pm 0.008$
	BNB	$0.796\pm 0.102$	$0.288\pm 0.144$	$0.565\pm 0.010$	$0.584\pm 0.006$
	RF	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	DT	$0.741\pm 0.058$	$0.484\pm 0.088$	$0.624\pm 0.014$	$0.674\pm 0.029$
	XGB	$0.748\pm 0.013$	$0.521\pm 0.022$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{644}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{007}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{717}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{008}$
	LGB	$0.641\pm 0.011$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{647}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{010}$	$0.643\pm 0.007$	$0.715\pm 0.006$
	GNB + BNB	$0.815\pm 0.070$	$0.283\pm 0.100$	$0.573\pm 0.100$	$0.590\pm 0.007$
	RF + DT	$0.778\pm 0.040$	$0.431\pm 0.070$	$0.620\pm 0.014$	$0.670\pm 0.031$
	LGB + XGB	$0.703\pm 0.005$	$\underset{¯}{0.585\pm 0.015}$	$0.649\pm 0.008$	$0.721\pm 0.007$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF	$\underset{¯}{0.839\pm 0.026}$	$0.340\pm 0.090$	$0.612\pm 0.028$	$0.658\pm 0.027$
	GNB + BNB + XGB + LGB	$0.787\pm 0.006$	$0.485\pm 0.013$	$\underset{¯}{0.650\pm 0.006}$	$\underset{¯}{0.722\pm 0.009}$
	DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.746\pm 0.016$	$0.531\pm 0.020$	$0.649\pm 0.006$	$0.721\pm 0.006$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.803\pm 0.012$	$0.461\pm 0.019$	$0.647\pm 0.003$	$0.720\pm 0.007$
Merged datasets (Case-2)	GNB	$0.904\pm 0.014$	$0.181\pm 0.016$	$0.575\pm 0.009$	$0.587\pm 0.008$
	BNB	$0.796\pm 0.102$	$0.288\pm 0.144$	$0.565\pm 0.010$	$0.584\pm 0.006$
	RF	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	DT	$0.754\pm 0.023$	$0.442\pm 0.051$	$0.612\pm 0.014$	$0.655\pm 0.022$
	XGB	$0.734\pm 0.023$	$0.529\pm 0.027$	$0.641\pm 0.009$	$0.715\pm 0.009$
	LGB	$0.644\pm 0.005$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{650}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{014}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{647}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{006}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{715}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{006}$
	GNB + BNB	$0.815\pm 0.070$	$0.283\pm 0.100$	$0.573\pm 0.010$	$0.590\pm 0.007$
	RF + DT	$0.835\pm 0.032$	$0.344\pm 0.053$	$0.612\pm 0.014$	$0.652\pm 0.022$
	LGB + XGB	$0.696\pm 0.014$	$\underset{¯}{0.589\pm 0.017}$	$0.647\pm 0.009$	$0.720\pm 0.007$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF	$\underset{¯}{0.891\pm 0.023}$	$0.247\pm 0.065$	$0.598\pm 0.018$	$0.647\pm 0.021$
	GNB + BNB + XGB + LGB	$0.783\pm 0.009$	$0.492\pm 0.014$	$\underset{¯}{0.650\pm 0.004}$	$\underset{¯}{0.722\pm 0.008}$
	DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.748\pm 0.014$	$0.525\pm 0.018$	$0.647\pm 0.005$	$0.721\pm 0.006$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.810\pm 0.008$	$0.456\pm 0.022$	$0.649\pm 0.006$	$0.720\pm 0.007$
Merged datasets (Case-3)	GNB	$0.912\pm 0.014$	$0.136\pm 0.053$	$0.559\pm 0.020$	$0.579\pm 0.017$
	BNB	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	RF	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	DT	$\mathbf{1}.\mathbf{000}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	XGB	$0.712\pm 0.012$	$0.560\pm 0.008$	$0.643\pm 0.007$	$0.714\pm 0.010$
	LGB	$0.650\pm 0.010$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{654}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{013}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{652}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{008}$	$\mathbf{0}.\mathbf{724}\pm \mathbf{0}.\mathbf{010}$
	GNB + BNB	$0.966\pm 0.023$	$0.043\pm 0.014$	$0.545\pm 0.008$	$0.576\pm 0.012$
	RF + DT	$\underset{¯}{1.000\pm 0.000}$	$0.000\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$	$0.545\pm 0.000$
	LGB + XGB	$0.690\pm 0.009$	$0.609\pm 0.005$	$0.653\pm 0.006$	$0.726\pm 0.010$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF	$0.983\pm 0.021$	$0.016\pm 0.018$	$0.543\pm 0.003$	$0.577\pm 0.010$
	GNB + BNB + XGB + LGB	$0.788\pm 0.018$	$0.493\pm 0.035$	$0.653\pm 0.010$	$0.726\pm 0.012$
	DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.761\pm 0.009$	$\underset{¯}{0.530\pm 0.005}$	$\underset{¯}{0.656\pm 0.005}$	$\underset{¯}{0.728\pm 0.009}$
	GNB + BNB + DT + RF + XGB + LGB	$0.834\pm 0.017$	$0.428\pm 0.036$	$0.649\pm 0.012$	$0.722\pm 0.012$