Table 4.
Echocardiographic findings/abnormalities recorded in patients with and without TLE-related TVD.
| Echocardiographic Findings/Abnormalities Recorded in Patients Undergoing TLE | TR Increased for 2 or 3 Degrees | TR Increased for 1 Degree | TR Unchanged or Even Decreased | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients number of the group | 67 | A | 188 | B | 2376 | C | p | p | p |
| Presented values | Count/average | %/Sd | Count/average | %/Sd | Count/average | %/Sd | A vs. B | A vs. C | B vs. C |
| ECHO before and after TLE | |||||||||
| LVEF (average) | 55.93 | 11.40 | 51.88 | 13.54 | 49.13 | 15.51 | 0.030 | <0.001 | 0.018 |
| TR significant (3 and 4 degree) | 0/67 | 0.00% | 22/188 | 11.70% | 511/2376 | 21.51% | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Any shadows on the leads before TLE | |||||||||
| Any shadows on leads before TLE | 42/67 | 62.69% | 114/188 | 60.64% | 1172/2376 | 49.33% | 0.768 | 0.031 | 0.003 |
| Connecting tissue surrounding the lead | 10/67 | 14.93% | 23/188 | 12.23% | 237/2376 | 9.98% | 0.573 | 0.185 | 0.323 |
| Thickening of the lead | 26/67 | 38.81% | 46/188 | 24.47% | 431/2376 | 18.14% | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.032 |
| Strong connective tissue scar connection of the lead with heart structures (any) | 31/64 | 48.44% | 46/188 | 24.47% | 261/2301 | 11.34% | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Strong connective tissue scar connection of the lead with tricuspid apparatus | 26/57 | 45.61% | 26/188 | 13.83% | 88/2376 | 3.70% | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Strong connective tissue scar connection of the lead with RA wall | 5/67 | 7.46% | 10/188 | 5.32% | 95/2376 | 4.00% | 0.522 | 0.158 | 0.379 |
| Strong connective tissue scar connection of the lead with SVC | 12/67 | 17.91% | 10/188 | 5.32% | 91/2376 | 3.83% | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.312 |
| Strong connective tissue scar connection of the lead with RV wall | 27/67 | 40.30% | 24/188 | 12.77% | 120/2376 | 5.05% | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Strong connection of the lead with another lead with connecting tissue scar | 14/67 | 20.90% | 26/188 | 13.83% | 214/2376 | 9.01% | 0.172 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
| Phenomena observed during monitoring of TLE procedure with TEE (only in patients monitored by TEE during TLE) | |||||||||
| Drawing of RA/RAA during mechanical lead extraction | 22/48 | 45.83% | 50/106 | 47.17% | 431/2376 | 18.14% | 0.877 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Drawing of tricuspid leflet during mechanical lead extraction | 33/48 | 68.75% | 28/106 | 26.42% | 64/2376 | 2.69% | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Drawing of RV wall during mechanical lead extraction | 32/48 | 66.67% | 48/106 | 45.28% | 271/2376 | 11.41% | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal lead loops visible in preoperative TTE/TEE | |||||||||
| Lead loops in the heart (any)/ECHO | 19/66 | 28.79% | 54/188 | 28.72% | 408/2376 | 17.17% | 0.992 | 0.014 | <0.001 |
| Loop in the RA | 12/67 | 17.91% | 39/187 | 20.86% | 300/2376 | 12.63% | 0.606 | 0.201 | 0.001 |
| Loop in the TV | 5/67 | 7.46% | 16/186 | 8.60% | 98/2376 | 4.13% | 0.772 | 0.180 | 0.004 |
| Loop in the RV | 8/67 | 11.94% | 14/187 | 7.49% | 118/2376 | 4.97% | 0.266 | 0.012 | 0.133 |
Abbreviations: LVEF—left ventricular ejection fraction, RA—right atrium, RAA—right atrial appendage, RV—right ventricle, SVC—superior vena cava, TLE—transvenous lead extraction, TR—tricuspid regurgitation, TTE—transthoracic echocardiography, TEE—transesophageal echocardiography.