Table 1.
Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and obstetric characteristics of parents and children at 7-year follow-up of INMA cohort study, Spain, 2003–2008.
| All Cohorts, n = 1609 |
Valencia, n = 431 |
Sabadell, n = 440 |
Asturias, n = 357 |
Gipuzkoa, n = 381 |
p-Value 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s age, y | 31 (28; 34) | 30 (28; 33) | 30 (28; 33) | 32 (29; 35) | 31 (29; 33) | <0.001 |
| Mother’s education | <0.001 | |||||
| Primary or less | 300 (18.7) | 111 (25.8) | 102 (23.2) | 48 (13.4) | 39 (10.2) | |
| Secondary | 671 (41.7) | 186 (43.2) | 191 (43.4) | 160 (44.8) | 134 (35.2) | |
| University | 638 (39.7) | 134 (31.1) | 147 (33.4) | 149 (41.7) | 208 (54.6) | |
| Mother’s social class | <0.001 | |||||
| I + II (high) | 406 (25.2) | 89 (20.6) | 100 (22.7) | 88 (24.6) | 129 (33.9) | |
| III | 450 (28.0) | 117 (27.1) | 144 (32.7) | 76 (21.3) | 113 (29.7) | |
| IV + V (low) | 753 (46.8) | 225 (52.2) | 196 (44.5) | 193 (54.1) | 139 (36.5) | |
| Parity ≥ 1 | 680 (42.3) | 189 (43.9) | 188 (42.7) | 137 (38.4) | 166 (43.6) | 0.398 |
| Overall tobacco exposition during pregnancy, yes | 934 (58.1) | 315 (73.1) | 260 (59.1) | 156 (43.7) | 203 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| Missing values | 41 (2.6) | 5 (1.2) | 8 (1.8) | 18 (5.0) | 10 (2.6) | |
| Prepregnancy mother’s BMI, kg/m2 | 0.008 | |||||
| <25 | 1183 (73.5) | 311 (72.2) | 317 (72.0) | 248 (69.5) | 307 (80.6) | |
| ≥25–30 | 311 (19.3) | 85 (19.7) | 84 (19.1) | 84 (23.5) | 58 (15.2) | |
| ≥30 | 115 (7.2) | 35 (8.1) | 39 (8.9) | 25 (7.0) | 16 (4.2) | |
| Prepregnancy father’s BMI, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |||||
| <25 | 687 (42.7) | 187 (43.4) | 204 (46.4) | 114 (31.9) | 182 (47.8) | |
| ≥25–30 | 704 (43.6) | 199 (46.2) | 170 (38.6) | 175 (49.0) | 160 (42.0) | |
| ≥30 | 189 (11.8) | 45 (10.4) | 60 (13.6) | 55 (15.4) | 29 (7.6) | |
| Missing values | 29 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.4) | 13 (3.6) | 10 (2.6) | |
| Dietary folate, µg/d | ||||||
| In 1st period of pregnancy | 297 (239; 364) | 292 (231; 359) | 283 (230; 347) | 313 (247; 382) | 306 (255; 367) | <0.001 |
| In 2nd period of pregnancy | 297 (241; 358) | 274 (219; 349) | 291 (237; 345) | 302 (245; 367) | 312 (266; 370) | <0.001 |
| FAs µg/d, in 1st period of pregnancy | <0.001 | |||||
| 400–999 | 233 (14.5) | 68 (15.8) | 45 (10.2) | 64 (17.9) | 56 (14.7) | |
| <400 | 874 (54.3) | 249 (57.8) | 287 (65.2) | 164 (45.9) | 174 (45.7) | |
| ≥1000 | 502 (31.2) | 114 (26.5) | 108 (24.5) | 129 (36.1) | 151 (39.6) | |
| FAs µg/d, in 2nd period of pregnancy | <0.001 | |||||
| 400–999 | 426 (26.5) | 200 (46.4) | 52 (11.8) | 133 (37.3) | 41 (10.8) | |
| <400 | 907 (56.4) | 144 (33.4) | 366 (83.2) | 100 (28.0) | 297 (78.0) | |
| ≥1000 | 276 (17.2) | 87 (20.2) | 22 (5.0) | 124 (34.7) | 43 (11.3) | |
| Child’s sex | 0.631 | |||||
| Boys | 816 (50.7) | 210 (48.7) | 229 (52.0) | 188 (52.7) | 189 (49.6) | |
| Girls | 793 (49.3) | 221 (51.3) | 211 (48.0) | 169 (47.3) | 192 (50.4) | |
| Child’s age 2, in years | 7.7 (7.3; 8.0) | 7.6 (7.4; 7.6) | 6.8 (6.6; 7.1) | 8.3 (8.1; 8.4) | 7.9 (7.8; 8.0) | <0.001 |
| ANT outcomes | ||||||
| HRT-SE, ms | 305.6 (245; 364) | 323.2 (266; 382) | 320.3 (260; 369) | 260.8 (196; 329) | 304.3 (259; 356) | <0.001 |
| Accuracy | 1.0 (1.0; 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9; 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9; 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Comission errors, num | 3 (1; 5) | 4 (2; 7) | 4 (2; 7) | 1 (0; 3) | 2 (1; 4) | <0.001 |
| Omission errors, num | 2 (0; 5) | 3 (1; 7) | 2 (1; 5) | 0 (0; 2) | 2 (0; 4) | <0.001 |
| Alerting | 45 (−3.5; 100.5) | 52 (0.8; 101.8) | 39 (−10.6; 100.9) | 45 (4.0; 90.5) | 48.5 (−6.0; 108.0) | 0.314 |
| Orienting | 38.5 (−14.0; 85.0) | 40.0 (−15.5; 88.5) | 30.5 (−17.5; 81.3) | 41.5 (0.0; 83.0) | 38.0 (−17.0; 85.5) | 0.358 |
| Conflict, ms | 71 (32.5; 115) | 68.5 (28.5; 111) | 75.5 (35.9; 122) | 63.0 (33.5; 101) | 78.0 (36.0; 128) | 0.004 |
| N-back outcomes | ||||||
| d’ numbers 1-back | 3.9 (3.4; 3.9) | 3.9 (2.8; 3.9) | 3.9 (2.6; 3.9) | 3.9 (3.9; 3.9) | 3.9 (3.9; 3.9) | <0.001 |
| d’ numbers 2-back | 1.9 (1.1; 2.6) | 1.7 (1.0; 2.5) | 1.7 (1.0; 2.3) | 2.3 (1.5; 3.9) | 2.0 (1.3; 2.7) | <0.001 |
| d’ numbers 3-back | 1.1 (0.6; 1.7) | 1.0 (0.3; 1.7) | 1.0 (0.3; 1.4) | 1.4 (1.0; 2.2) | 1.4 (1.0; 1.9) | <0.001 |
FAs, folic acid supplement; HRT-SE, hit reaction time standard error (ms); INMA, Infancia y Medio Ambiente; ms, milliseconds; num, number. Values are medians (IQRs) for mother’s age, age at cognitive examination, dietary folate, ANT outcomes and N-back outcomes, and values are n (%) for the rest of variables. 1 p-values of differences between study cohorts from Chi-square test (categorical variables) and Kruskal–Wallis test (continuous non-parametric variables), 2 age at neurocognitive examination.