Table 3.
Fully adjusted combined association between folic acid supplements (FAs) intake during pregnancy and attentional function in girls aged 7–9 y of INMA cohort study, Spain, 2003–2008.
| Periconceptional Period a | Second Period a | Entire Pregnancy a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attentional Network Test (n = 793) |
FAS (µg/d) | n | β b | (95% CI) | n | β b | (95% CI) | n | β b | (95% CI) |
| HRT-SE (ms) c | 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 425 | −3.33 | (−18.37; 11.62) | 437 | −14.25 | (−29.15; 0.64) | 215 | −15.85 | (−32.61; 0.91) | |
| ≥1000 | 239 | −3.22 # | (−30.25; 23.81) | 140 | −7.49 # | (−42.23; 27.25) | 133 | −20.38 * | (−39.12; −1.63) | |
| Accuracy | 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 425 | −0.00 | (−0.01; 0.01) | 437 | 0.00 | (−0.00; 0.01) | 215 | −0.00 | (−0.01; 0.00) | |
| ≥1000 | 239 | 0.00 | (−0.00; 0.01) | 140 | 0.00 | (−0.00; 0.01) | 133 | −0.00 | (−0.01; 0.01) | |
| Commission errors (num) c | 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 425 | 1.00 # | (0.64; 1.35) | 437 | 0.88 | (0.75; 1.04) | 215 | 0.98 | (0.82; 1.18) | |
| ≥1000 | 239 | 0.93 | (0.76; 1.14) | 140 | 0.88 | (0.72; 1.08) | 133 | 0.97 | (0.79; 1.19) | |
| Omission errors (num) c | 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 425 | 1.21 | (0.95; 1.54) | 437 | 1.03 # | (0.58; 1.84) | 215 | 0.85 | (0.66; 1.09) | |
| ≥1000 | 239 | 0.93 | (0.72; 1.22) | 140 | 0.97 # | (0.46; 2.03) | 133 | 0.75 | (0.49; 1.16) | |
| Alerting c | 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 425 | −17.93 | (−39.81; 3.95) | 437 | 30.01 | (12.96; 47.01) * | 215 | 8.96 | (−11.55; 29.48) | |
| ≥1000 | 239 | −16.14 | (−38.53; 6.25) | 140 | 6.23 | (−10.86; 23.32) | 133 | −0.41 | (−21.04; 20.23) | |
| 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | ||||
| Orienting c | <400 | 425 | −18.07 # | (−42.59; 6.44) | 437 | 4.37 | (−11.06; 19.80) | 215 | 3.80 | (−14.72; 22.31) |
| ≥1000 | 239 | −12.47 | (−29.91; 4.97) | 140 | 13.27 | (−4.56; 31.10) | 133 | 7.65 | (−11.74; 27.04) | |
| 400–999 | 129 | Ref. | 216 | Ref. | 445 | Ref. | ||||
| Conflict (ms) c | <400 | 425 | 7.88 | (−5.98; 21.73) | 437 | 1.74 | (−11.32; 14.81) | 215 | 5.06 | (−9.98; 20.11) |
| ≥1000 | 239 | 11.60 | (−3.51; 26.71) | 140 | 1.77 | (−12.15; 15.69) | 133 | 3.70 | (−12.04; 19.44) | |
| N-back task (n = 639) | ||||||||||
| d’ number 2-back | 400–999 | 107 | Ref. | 168 | Ref. | 106 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 336 | −0.01 | (−0.25; 0.23) | 343 | −0.06 | (−0.29; 0.18) | 351 | 0.21 | (−0.05; 0.46) | |
| ≥1000 | 196 | 0.00 | (−0.26; 0.26) | 128 | 0.09 | (−0.18; 0.36) | 182 | 0.28 * | (0.01; 0.56) | |
| d’ number 3-back | 400–999 | 107 | Ref. | 168 | Ref. | 106 | Ref. | |||
| <400 | 336 | −0.06 | (−0.27; 0.16) | 343 | 0.14 | (−0.07; 0.34) | 351 | 0.12 | (−0.11; 0.34) | |
| ≥1000 | 196 | 0.09 | (−0.14; 0.32) | 128 | 0.14 | (−0.10; 0.37) | 182 | 0.32 * | (0.08; 0.56) | |
a Models were adjusted by energy intake (in kilocalories), dietary folate intake per 100 µg/d increase, cohort, social class (I + II (high), III or IV + V (low)), educational level (primary or less, secondary, or university), parity (0 or ≥1), tobacco exposition during the periconceptional period (no or yes), mother’s age (in years), mother’s BMI (continuous), father’s BMI (continuous), and child’s age at 7 y follow-up examination (in years). b Robust linear regression model was used for hit reaction time and hit reaction time SE (HRT-SE). Negative binomial regression model was used for commission and omission errors (estimates are incidence rate ratios, IRR). Tobit regression model was used for N-back task outcomes and accuracy. c Higher scores means lower performance. * p-value < 0.05. # I2 > 50%, random models were used.