Table 3.
Risk ratios of loneliness for increased high-risk drinking by AUDIT pattens from (0–14) in 2021 to (15–40) in 2022 among non-high-risk drinking patterns at baseline (N = 15,901).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | aRR (95%CI) | |
| Loneliness | ||||
| Score < 6 | ref | ref | ref | Ref |
| Score ≧ 6 | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) | 1.52 (1.18–1.96) | 1.57 (1.22–2.03) | 1.45 (1.08–1.96) |
| Age | ||||
| 20–39 years | ref | ref | Ref | |
| 40–59 years | 0.97 (0.73–1.27) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | |
| 60–79 years | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 0.57 (0.39–0.81) | 0.58 (0.40–0.83) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Women | ref | ref | ref | |
| Men | 4.43 (3.17–6.19) | 4.26 (3.01–6.02) | 4.27 (3.02–6.04) | |
| Education | ||||
| Low | ref | ref | ref | |
| Middle | 1.36 (0.97–1.91) | 1.39 (0.99–1.94) | 1.38 (0.99–1.94) | |
| High | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 1.10 (0.83–1.44) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | |
| Job | ||||
| Regular job | ref | ref | ref | |
| Non-regular employee | 1.06 (0.76–1.49) | 1.17 (0.83–1.66) | 1.18 (0.83–1.66) | |
| No main income job as students/retiree/housework | 0.73 (0.47–1.12) | 0.81 (0.53–1.26) | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | |
| Unemployed | 0.76 (0.49–1.16) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) | 0.87 (0.56–1.34) | |
| Income | ||||
| Under 2 million yen | ref | ref | ref | |
| 2–4 million yen | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | |
| 4–6 million yen | 0.90 (0.60–1.33) | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | |
| 6–10 million yen | 1.29 (0.86–1.95) | 1.21 (0.80–1.83) | 1.21 (0.80–1.83) | |
| 10 million or more | 0.76 (0.34–1.69) | 0.68 (0.30–1.52) | 0.68 (0.31–1.53) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Marriage | ref | ref | ||
| No marriage | 0.50 (0.34–0.71) | 0.49 (0.34–0.71) | ||
| Divorced/Widowed | 0.90 (0.58–1.41) | 0.90 (0.57–1.40) | ||
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Living with someone | ref | ref | ||
| Living alone | 1.49 (1.05–2.13) | 1.50 (1.05–2.14) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | ref | ref | ||
| Current smoker | 1.63 (1.29–2.06) | 1.62 (1.28–2.05) | ||
| Psychological distress | ||||
| K6 < 13 | ref | |||
| K6 ≧ 13 | 1.23 (0.84–1.80) | |||
Bold items were significant (p < 0.05). Model 1: univariable. Model 2: adjusted socioeconomic factors (age, sex, education, job, income,). Model 3: adjusted additional social isolation (living arrangement, marital status) in Model 2 and health factors (smoker, sleeping duration, BMI). Model 4: further adjusted K6 (Kessler Phycological Distress Scale).