Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of association of dietary nutrients with self-reported eye affliction/retinopathy in individuals with diabetes.
| Quintile of Dietary Nutrients, OR (95% CI) | p Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Dietary fiber (gm) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.80 (0.63–0.99) | 0.77 (0.61–0.96) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 0.75 (0.52–1.07) | 0.006 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.97–1.85) | 0.99 (0.74–1.30) | 0.85 (0.61–1.17) | 0.74 (0.49–1.01) | 0.016 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.96–1.85) | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.034 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.95–1.48) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) | 0.273 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.04–1.98) | 0.98 (0.70–1.39) | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 1.64 (1.18–2.29) | 0.054 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.94–1.49) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 1.28 (1.01–1.61) | 0.153 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.46 (1.04–2.05) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 1.52 (1.07–2.16) | 0.138 |
| SFA 4:0 (Butanoic) (gm) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.93 (0.67–1.04) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 0.86 (0.68–1.07) | 0.903 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.885 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 1.17 (0.93–1.48) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.160 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 0.85 (0.61–1.20) | 1.23 (0.88–1.72) | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.515 |
| SFA 8:0 (Octanoic) (gm) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | 0.94 (0.75–1.16) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.841 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.86 (0.62–1.18) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.599 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.117 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 0.93 (0.66–1.33) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.516 |
| MFA 16:1 (Hexadecenoic) (gm) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 1.27 (1.02–1.60) | 0.160 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 1.14 (0.82–1.60) | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) | 0.349 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.87–1.38) | 1.12 (0.90–1.42) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | 0.018 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 1.03 (0.72–1.46) | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 1.16 (0.79–1.69) | 0.525 |
| Vitamin A (mcg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.016 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 1.02 (0.73–1.41) | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 0.157 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.043 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 0.278 |
| Alpha-carotene, (mcg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.92 (0.71–1.14) | 0.234 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.97–1.88) | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) | 1.16 (0.83–1.64) | 1.05 (0.75–1.48) | 0.861 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.80–1.41) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.99 (0.79–1.26) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 0.224 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 1.12 (0.78–1.59) | 0.948 |
| Folate, DFE (mcg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.67–1.04) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 0.055 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.87 (0.63–1.19) | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) | 0.611 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | 0.89 (0.70–1.21) | 0.066 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.88 (0.63–1.22) | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 0.921 |
| Magnesium (mg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.006 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.77–1.44) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.78 (0.54–1.11) | 0.040 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.98 (0.77–1.23) | 0.77 (0.56–1.08) | 0.78 (0.54–1.01) | 0.032 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | 0.77 (0.53–1.12) | 0.079 |
| Copper (mg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.66 (0.52–0.82) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | 0.86 (0.68–1.08) | 0.61 (0.44–0.90) | 0.68 (0.44–0.89) | 0.011 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.56–1.07) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.63 (0.45–0.90) | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | 0.019 |
| Caffeine (mg) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.441 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.47–0.90) | 0.99 (0.72–1.34) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.837 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.331 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | 0.80 (0.56–1.13) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.977 |
SFA, saturated fatty acids; MFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; Model 1: adjusted for sex and age; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, race, educational level, smoking, and alcohol; Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, race, educational level, smoking, alcohol, the duration of diabetes; Model 4: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, race, educational level, smoking, alcohol, the duration of diabetes, hypertension, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c).