Table 1.

Frequency rates of loneliness (total sample stratified by sex).

	n	Loneliness Total Sample	p-Value	Men n	Loneliness Men	p-Value	Women n	Loneliness Women	p-Value
Overall	265	41.7%		211	40.7%		54	47.8%
Age (years)			0.85			0.78			0.35
18–29	33	39.3%		29	42.7%		4	25.0%
30–39	64	39.8%		48	37.2%		16	51.6%
40–49	72	45.6%		56	44.8%		16	50.0%
50–59	60	40.5%		47	37.3%		13	48.2%
>60	23	39.7%		19	40.4%		4	66.7%
Marital status			0.24			0.09			0.60
married	7	26.9%		5	23.8%		2	40.0%
married, living apart	20	44.4%		15	42.9%		5	50.0%
single	180	43.8%		156	44.1%		24	44.4%
widowed	8	47.1%		2	22.2%		6	75.0%
divorced	39	34.8%		26	31.3%		13	46.4%
Children			0.28			0.18			0.80
no	143	43.6%		122	43.1%		21	48.8%
yes	115	39.1%		83	37.2%		32	46.4%
Level of education			0.91			0.64			0.57
no school education	43	39.4%		31	37.4%		12	48.0%
school education	116	41.4%		95	41.7%		21	41.2%
vocational education	76	43.4%		64	42.7%		12	50.0%
higher tertiary education	18	39.1%		11	35.4%		7	63.6%
Home country			<0.01			< 0.05			0.25
other than Germany	108	36.2%		91	35.7%		16	40.0%
Germany	151	47.0%		114	46.3%		37	51.4%
Duration of homelessness (months)			<0.01			0.14			<0.05
1 month	28	57.1%		19	51.4%		9	75.0%
2–12 months	79	35.0%		66	36.3%		13	31.0%
>13 months	147	45.0%		117	43.5%		30	53.6%
Having a pet			0.27			0.43			0.32
no	238	42.0%		191	41.1%		47	48.5%
yes	17	34.0%		13	34.2%		4	33.3%
Alcohol consumption			<0.05			0.07			0.10
never	82	39.2%		60	37.3%		22	46.8%
once or twice a year	32	47.8%		26	50.0%		6	42.9%
monthly	37	44.6%		27	41.5%		9	56.3%
weekly	20	25.6%		18	29.5%		2	15.4%
daily	86	46.7%		73	44.8%		13	61.9%
Illegal drugs			0.44			0.36			0.97
never	143	38.9%		111	37.5%		31	47.7%
once or twice a year	12	54.5%		11	55.0%		1	50.0%
monthly	20	40.0%		18	40.9%		2	33.3%
weekly	21	45.7%		17	43.6%		3	50.0%
daily	62	45.6%		48	45.7%		14	46.7%
Mental health concerns			<0.001			<0.01			<0.01
no	178	36.9%		148	36.9%		28	37.8%
yes	81	56.3%		56	53.3%		25	65.8%
Concerns about COVID-19		1.7 (1.0)	<0.001		1.6 (1.0)	<0.01		1.8 (1.1)