Table 2.
Predictors of loneliness stratified by sex. Results of multiple logistic regression.
| Loneliness | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variables | Men | Women |
| Age group (reference group: 18 to 29 years) |
||
| >30–39 years | 0.55 | 9.02 |
| (0.27–1.15) | (0.32–253.29) | |
| >40–49 years | 0.95 | 37.43 * |
| (0.46–1.98) | (1.58–885.63) | |
| >50–59 years | 0.82 | 3.00 |
| (0.38–1.78) | (0.14–65.61) | |
| >60 years | 0.77 | 0.76 |
| (0.30–1.98) | (0.01–59.20) | |
| Marital status (reference group: married) |
||
| married, living apart | 1.56 | 6.03 |
| (0.36–6.87) | (0.11–342.87) | |
| single | 1.66 | 1.47 |
| (0.45–6.07) | (0.04–61.21) | |
| widowed | 0.34 | 20.53 |
| (0.04–2.70) | (0.25–1667.98) | |
| divorced | 1.27 | 1.04 |
| (0.32–5.03) | (0.02–43.41) | |
| Having children | 1.00 | 1.89 |
| (reference group: not having children) Education (reference group: no school education) |
(0.63–1.61) | (0.34–10.35) |
| school education | 1.10 | 0.30 |
| (0.59–2.08) | (0.05–1.77) | |
| vocational education | 1.33 | 1.13 |
| (0.68–2.61) | (0.16–7.80) | |
| higher tertiary education | 0.97 | 1.35 |
| Country of origin | (0.36–2.61) | (0.10–19.19) |
| (reference group: other than Germany) Duration of homelessness (reference group: up to 1 month) |
1.06 (0.67–1.67) |
8.57 * (1.11–66.52) |
| >2–12 months | 0.38 * | 0.02 ** |
| (0.16–0.91) | (0.00–0.26) | |
| >12 months | 0.52 | 0.07 * |
| (0.22–1.23) | (0.01–0.87) | |
| Pets | 0.50 | 0.09 + |
| (reference group: having no pets) | (0.20–1.22) | (0.01–1.56) |
| Alcohol consumption (reference group: no alcohol consumption) |
||
| once or twice a year | 1.52 | 1.80 |
| (0.70–3.27) | (0.23–13.95) | |
| monthly | 0.94 | 6.66 |
| (0.46–1.93) | (0.58–76.60) | |
| weekly | 0.64 | 0.04 ** |
| (0.30–1.36) | (0.00–0.40) | |
| daily | 1.27 | 0.66 |
| Consumption of illegal drugs (reference group: no illegal drug use) |
(0.74–2.20) | (0.09–4.87) |
| once or twice a year | 2.53 | - |
| (0.78–8.23) | - | |
| monthly | 1.28 | 0.61 |
| (0.59–2.79) | (0.01–25.47) | |
| weekly | 1.04 | 0.22 |
| daily | (0.45–2.40) 1.08 (0.61–1.93) |
(0.01–6.56) 0.26 (0.03–2.11) |
| Mental health concerns | 1.59 + | 5.89 * |
| (reference group: absence of mental health problems) | (0.95–2.65) | (1.31–26.39) |
| Concerns about COVID-19 | 1.34 * (1.06–1.70) |
1.44 (0.71–2.92) |
| Constant | 0.64 | 0.04 |
| (0.08–5.37) | (0.00–34.17) | |
| Observations | 405 | 91 |
| (McFadden’s) Pseudo R² | 0.06 | 0.40 |
Odds ratios are reported; 95% CI in parentheses; ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10.