Table 1.
Descriptions of the 21 CLS items, together with the Cronbach’s alphas, CR and AVE of latent variable.
| Items | Mean | SD | Skew * | Kurt * | Item Loading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collaborative Learning and Professionalism (CoL) | Cronbach’s α = 0.92, CR = 0.92, AVE = 0.73 | ||||
| 1. In this class, my classmates and I discuss different views we have and about things we are learning. | 4.75 | 1.34 | −0.53 | −0.14 | 0.87 |
| 2. In this class, I get helpful comments about my work from other classmates. | 4.61 | 1.36 | −0.47 | −0.15 | 0.83 |
| 3. In this class, my classmates and I actively work together to learn new things. | 4.74 | 1.35 | −0.51 | −0.15 | 0.89 |
| 4. In this class, my classmates and I actively share and explain our understanding. | 4.77 | 1.30 | −0.50 | −0.16 | 0.83 |
| Critical Thinking (CriT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.91, CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.73 | ||||
| 1. In this class, I distinguish what is supported by evidence and what is not. | 5.12 | 1.09 | −0.53 | 0.67 | 0.76 |
| 2. In this class, I think about other possible ways of understanding what I am learning. | 5.22 | 1.12 | −0.68 | 0.90 | 0.88 |
| 3. In this class, I evaluate different opinions to see which one makes more sense. | 5.21 | 1.13 | −0.67 | 1.08 | 0.91 |
| 4. In this class, I decide what kind of information can be trusted. | 5.15 | 1.09 | −0.62 | 0.77 | 0.85 |
| Self-Directed Learning (SDL) | Cronbach’s α = 0.93, CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.71 | ||||
| 1. In this class, I set goals for my studying. | 5.47 | 1.24 | −0.87 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| 2. In this class, I check my progress when I study. | 5.47 | 1.13 | −0.82 | 1.29 | 0.85 |
| 3. In this class, I think about different ways or methods I can use to improve my study. | 5.54 | 1.16 | −0.85 | 1.18 | 0.82 |
| 4. In this class, I reflect on the ways I study. | 5.53 | 1.12 | −0.76 | 1.10 | 0.84 |
| Creative Thinking (CreT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.95, CR = 0.84, AVE = 0.95 | ||||
| 1. In this class, I suggest new ways of doing things. | 4.38 | 1.39 | −0.24 | −0.28 | 0.92 |
| 2. In this class, I design objects that may be helpful. | 4.18 | 1.49 | −0.25 | −0.39 | 0.87 |
| 3. In this class, I produce ideas that are likely to be useful. | 4.49 | 1.36 | −0.40 | 0.05 | 0.94 |
| 4. In this class, I develop innovative ideas. | 4.26 | 1.41 | −0.24 | −0.24 | 0.92 |
| Meaningful Learning with ICT (MLT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.90, CR = 0.95, AVE = 0.83 | ||||
| 1. In this class, my classmates and I actively communicate online (e.g., LMS, Discussion Forum, Facebook, Wiki, WhatsApp, WeChat etc.) to learn new things together. | 5.29 | 1.22 | −0.74 | 0.60 | 0.65 |
| 2. In this class, I find out useful information on the Internet to facilitate my learning. | 5.69 | 1.17 | −0.83 | 0.45 | 0.89 |
| 3. In this class, I use the computer to organize, retrieve and save the information for my learning. (e.g., Blackboard.) | 5.72 | 1.15 | −0.75 | 0.40 | 0.88 |
| 4. In this class, I can use information technology to access accurate and reliable medical information. | 5.68 | 1.12 | −0.92 | 0.95 | 0.91 |
| Authentic Problem Solving (APS) | Cronbach’s α = 0.94, CR = 0.93, AVE = 0.77 | ||||
| 1. In this class, I learn about real-life problems. | 5.34 | 1.14 | −0.74 | 1.06 | 0.89 |
| 2. In this class, I investigate the reasons that give rise to real-world problems. | 5.28 | 1.17 | −0.66 | 0.66 | 0.90 |
| 3. In this class, I apply the knowledge I have to solve real-life problems. | 5.22 | 1.15 | −0.49 | 0.52 | 0.89 |
| 4. In this class, I can simultaneously apply and integrate the medical knowledge I learn to diagnose a problem. | 5.24 | 1.15 | −0.53 | 0.52 | 0.82 |
| Ability of using Basic Science in the Practice of Medicine (ABS) | Cronbach’s α = 0.93, CR = 0.89, AVE = 0.63 | ||||
| 1. I am able to describe the normal structure, function, and development of the human body. | 5.22 | 1.01 | −0.39 | 0.42 | 0.80 |
| 2. I can describe the risk factors, pathophysiologic mechanisms, structural and functional changes, and consequences of the underlying health problem. | 5.02 | 1.14 | −0.70 | 0.95 | 0.84 |
| 3. I can develop a therapeutic plan, incorporating risks and benefits, based on the mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis. | 4.57 | 1.38 | −0.59 | 0.02 | 0.87 |
| 4. I can measure and analyze the effectiveness of an applied intervention. | 4.58 | 1.36 | −0.56 | 0.14 | 0.88 |
| 5. I can articulate the pathophysiologic and pharmacologic rationales for the chosen therapy and expected outcomes at an appropriate level. | 4.62 | 1.33 | −0.61 | 0.31 | 0.52 |
* Abbreviation: Skew., Skewness; Kurt., Kurtosis.