Study	Study Characteristics, Stringency Level & Workplace Conditions Design Assessment Tool Assessment Period	Population & Participants Sex Distribution (Male/Female/Not Specified) Age (SD)	Primary Outcome (PA-Changes)	Control Group	Secondary Outcomes (Physical: e.g., BMI or Mental: e.g., Mood, Quality of Life)	Specialties/ Conclusions
Aegerter et al. (2021) [12]	Longitudinal study based on data from an ongoing randomized controlled trial (International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short-Form: IPAQ-SF); January 2020 to April 2020 Stringency: no measures Workplace: no measures	Canton of Zurich and Aargau, Switzerland sex: 76 (28.95%/71.05%) age (y): 42.7 (21.8–62.7)	No changes in PA	No controls	BMI: No change Better work-life balance reported by 43.4%, worsened by 22.4%	This study could not show any influence of changes in the workplace on physical activity. However, an improvement in work-life balance and a reduction in working hours were found. One-off effects such as relatively good weather, reduced working hours and a generally higher perception of one’s own health due to the pandemic represent a risk-of-bias
Alardo-Gonzalvo et al. (2021) [13]	Cross-sectional online survey (IPAQ); 22 March 2020 to 27 March 2020 Stringency: 5.56 Workplace: no closing	Ecuador sex: 67 (21.3/78.7) age: 40.6 ± 10.8	Sedentary total: +20% Sedentary female: +25.2% Sedentary male: +6.9%	Captured in study: Students n = 390: Sedentary total: +26.4% Sedentary female: +28.4% Sedentary male: +22.7%	No change in measurements reported	Decrease in Sedentary. Female with higher decrease in Sedentary.
Argus et al. (2021) [14]	Cross-sectional internet-based survey (Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire: BPAI & NORDIC Questionnaire); May 2020 to June 2020 Stringency: 75 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Tartu, Estonia sex: 161 (35.4%/64.6%) age (y): 38.2 ± 9.5 (20–59)	PA total decrease: −0.41 ±1.37, −5.2% BPAI (ES = 0.26) PA work increase: +0.18 ±0.54, +7.9% BPAI (ES = 0.5)	No controls	Negative correlation between the change in self-reported sports PA and MSP (ES = −0.21), a change in workplace comfort (ES = −0.26) and a change in workplace ergonomics score (ES = −0.23)	Decrease in overall physical activity, but increase in work-associated physical activity
Barkley et al. (2020) [15]	Cross-sectional online survey (Godin Physical Activity Questionnaire & IPAQ; 18 May 2020 to 18 June 2020 Stringency: 72.69 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Kent State University Ohio, USA 214 (176 Faculty, 28 Staff, 10 Administrators) age (y): Faculty (52.1 ± 10.7), Staff (48.1 ± 12.5), Administrators (48.2 ± 8.6)	Faculty, Staff and Administrators: No changes in PA Sedentary increases: Faculty: +15.2% Staff: +6.3% Administrators: 9.9%	Captured in study: Undergrade students (n = 100) with change in mild physical activity (−33.7%) Sedentary: Undergrade (n = 100): +19.2% Grad (n = 84): +18.1%	BMI: No change in all groups	Additional it could be shown that the group that had the highest physical activity before the pandemic had the highest decrease in physical activity during the pandemic. However, this analysis did not distinguish between students and employees.
Brusaca et al. (2021) [10]	Case-series with accelerometer data collection; September 2019 to July 2020 Stringency: 74.54 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Brazil; São Carlos sex: 11 (54.5%/45.5%) age (y): 39.3 ± 9.6 (26–57)	Sedentary decrease: −3.3% Standing decrease: −1.8% Light-PA decrease: −10.6% MVPA decrease: −42.4% Time in Bed increase: +11.6%	No controls	No change in measurements reported	Workers spent more Time in Bed relative to time awake during home-office and decrease there MVPA
Fukushima et al. (2021) [16]	Cross-sectional online survey (Work-related Physical Activity Questionnaire: WPAQ); 28 July 2020 to 2 August 2020 Stringency: 25.93 Workplace: Recommend closing	Japan; Tokyo (41.73%), Others (58.27%) sex: 1239 (59.24%/ 40.76%) age (y): 20–79	Sedentary crude (adjusted): +111 ± 76.3 min/day, +49% Light-PA: −53.3 ± 49.2 min/day, −47.2% MVPA: −36.6 ±27.3 min/day, −39.8%	No controls	No measurements collected	Workers who worked from home spent less PA time and linger uninterrupted Sedentary time during work time than those who never worked at home Use of active workstations is a powerful intervention
Füzéki et al. (2021) [17]	Cross-sectional online survey (European Health Interview Survey—Physical Activity Questionnaire: EHIS-PAQ) asking prior to and during lockdown condition; 15 April 2020 to 23 June 2020 Stringency: 85.19 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Italian Population sex: 1500 (24.5%/ 75.1%) age (y): 43.1 ± 1.3	Walking: −11.4% (ES = 0.46) Cycling: −62.8% (ES = 0.3) TRPA: −51.9% (ES = 0.51) LTPA: −30% (ES = 0.31) DMSA: −1.1% (ES = 0.3) WRPA: no change	No controls	BMI: no change	No differentiation for walking, cycling, Leisure time PA between WFH and NWFH; WRPA does not distinguish between WFH and NWFH Decrease in TRPA (because of closure of all non-essential businesses and WFH) and Leisure time PA, no change in WRPA
Füzéki et al. (2021) [18]	Cross-sectional online survey (EHIS-PAQ) asking prior to and during lockdown condition; 23 April 2020 to 12 September 2020 Stringency: 76.85 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Germany sex: 979 (28.2%/71.8%) age: 44 ± 14.7	Walking: −10.5% (ES = 0.16) Cycling: −18.3% (ES = 0.13) LTPA: −15.9% (ES = 0.22) TRPA: −13.6% (ES = 0.13) DMSA: −6.3% (ES = 0.07)	No controls	No measurements collected	Light-PA has declined more in the WFH group than in the NWFH group. No further interactions.
Füzéki et al. (2021) [19]	Cross-sectional online survey (EHIS-PAQ) asking prior to and during lockdown condition; 8 April 2021 to 2 July 2021 Stringency: 76.85 Workplace: Require closing some sectors	Germany sex: 993 (28.7%/71.3%) age: 44 ± 14.7	Walking: −17.4% (ES = 0.21) Cycling: −5.2% (ES = 0.18) LTPA: −22.1% (ES = 0.33) TRPA: −20% (ES = 0.25) DMSA: −11.8% (ES = 0.13)	No controls	Well-Being: −24%	TRPA has declined more in the WFH group than in the NWFH group. WFH did not affect light-PA and depressive Mode.
Howe et al. (2021) [20]	Cross-sectional Qualtrics online survey (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire: GPAQ) asking prior to and during lockdown; 21 April 2020 to 9 May 2020 USA Stringency: 72.69 Workplace: Require closing all but essential CAN Stringency: 74.54 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	USA (91.9%), CAN (8.1%); Caucasian (88.8%), Black (3.4%), Asian (3%), others (4.8%) sex: 1336 (25.1%/74 −2%/0.7%) age (y): 18->70	Work-related MVPA: Overall decrease: −45.2% CAN −44% USA MVPA decrease: −58.2% with a change in work environment by 687 (51.4%) participants TRPA decreases: USA: −188.1 ± 51.9 min/week CAN: −152.6 ± 14.1 min/week Sedentary time increase: +94.9 ± 4.1 min/week	Captured in study: MVPA with no change in work environment by 467 (35%) participants: −8.7%	No measurements collected	Bias Risk factors: Younger adults, female, Caucasian Significant decrease of MVPA and TRPA with a change in work environment; no additional significant increase in SB with a change in work environment
Hunter et al. (2021) [21]	Cross-sectional online survey (IPAQ); 9 June 2020 to 9 August 2020 Stringency: 60.19 Workplace: Recommend closing	Australia and New Zealand and Oceania (51.3%), Caucasian (38.3%), Asian (5.8%), Other (4.6%) sex: 433 (23.3%/75.1%) age: 38.8	Total PA: −20%	No controls	Work ability: −20% Mental work ability: −20%	Met the MVPA guideline result in better work ability and mental work ability
Katewongsa et al. (2021) [22]	Cross-sectional online survey (GPAQ); March 2020 to May 2020 Stringency: 0 Workplace: No closing	Thailand sex: 6531 (50.9%/49.1%) age: 18–39 (69.1%), 40–64 (30.9%)	Sedentary: +6.2% Population with sufficient MVPA: −17.6%	Captured in study: From 2019 n = 5379 sex: 5379 (48.5%/51.5%) age: 18–39 (43.9%), 40–64 (56.1%)	No change in measurements reported	Bias Risk factors: Female, students, unemployed The study does not differentiate between students, unemployed and employees A relationship is observed between the WFH obligation and the increase in sedentary behavior
Koohsari et al. (2021) [11]	Prospective online survey (GPAQ & Fatigue Questionnaire/ Checklist Individual Strength: CIS20-R); 22 February 2019 to 8 July 2020 Stringency: 25 Workplace: No closing	Japan sex: 2466 (50.9%/49.1%) age: 39.6 ± 10.7	Sedentary behavior (n = 1086) Work-related: +9.8% Total: +6.4% PA work-related (n = 1315): Vigorous: −9.5% Moderate: −9.3% TRPA: −8.3% Total PA-Change: −11.4%	No controls	Associations of the changes in workers’ sedentary behaviors and physical activity with changes in their fatigue	Sedentary work has increased disproportionately in relation to work, overall decrease in PA
Limbers et al. (2020) [23]	Cross-sectional online survey (IPAQ-SF & Quality of Life: WHOQOL-BREF & Perceived Stress Scale: PSS); 6 April 2020 to 13 April 2020 Stringency: 72.69 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	USA Caucasian (70%), Black (6%), Latino (11%), others (13%) sex: 200 (0%/100%) age: 33.5 ± 6.25	Parenting Stress by WFH decrease: Moderate PA: −50% (ES = 0.5) Vigorous PA: −10% (ES = 0.09)	No controls	High parenting stress caused lower quality of life and lower PA Parenting Stress decrease Physical Health Quality of Life: −58% Psychological Quality of Life: −72% Higher levels of MVPA were associated with decreased physical health quality of life in working mothers in contrast to study hypotheses	Moderate PA may be one mechanism that attenuates the association between parenting stress and a decrease in quality of life. Risk of bias: Only mothers WFH were included in this study
Lipert et al. (2021) [24]	Cross-sectional online survey (IPAQ-SF & Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: PSQI); 1 April 2020 to 14 April 2020 Stringency: 81.48 Workplace: Require closing some sectors	Poland sex: 983 (18.3%/81.7%) age: over 18	Difference WFH to NWFH: Total PA: −34.7% Walking: −30.1% Moderate PA: +1.3% Vigorous PA: ±0	Captured in study: Difference Not working to NWFH: Total PA: −32.6% Walking: −18.8% Moderate PA: +10.7% Vigorous PA: +3.2%	No difference in the quality of sleep between WFH, NWFH and not working. WFH reported more stress, work-life-balance disorder and a decrease in work satisfaction	The decrease in physical activity due to WFH is similar to unemployment, but unemployed persons show a higher value for moderate and vigorous PA
Rapisarda et al. (2021) [25]	Longitudinal Cohort Study (IPAQ-SF); March 2020 to March 2021 Stringency: 64.35 Workplace: Require closing all but essential (longitudinal study with different restrictions)	Italy sex: 310 (47%/53%) age: 44.1	PA differences 14 March 2020 to 14 March 2021: Total PA: −31.6% Vigorous PA: −13.1% Moderate PA: +3.9% Walking: −30.9% Sedentary: +66.7%	No controls	BMI: +7%	There is a decrease in physical activity due to WFH, at the same time an increase in BMI.
Rees-Punia et al. (2021) [26]	Cross-sectional online survey (Cancer Prevention Study-3) compared to data from 2018; July 2020 to August 2020 Stringency: 68.89 Workplace: Require closing some sectors	USA Caucasian (75.9%), Black (3.5%), Latino (12.7%), others (7.9%) sex: 1992 (34.5%/65.5%) age: 57 ± 9.8	NWFH (n = 897): Time in Bed: −0.1% Sedentary: +5.9% Light-PA: −3% MVPA: −2.7% WFH (n = 930): Time in Bed: −0.2% Sedentary: +8.4% Light-PA: −4.4% MVPA: −3.5% WFH + Laid off (n = 73): Time in Bed: +0.4% Sedentary: +7.9% Light-PA: −5.2% MVPA: −3.2%	Captured in study: Laid off (n = 110): Time in Bed: +4.7% Sedentary: +8.1% Light-PA: −9.2% MVPA: −3.4%	No change in measurements reported	Bias Risk factors: Higher BMI, unemployed, occupational change, lower income.
Schoofs et al. (2022) [27]	Cross-sectional online survey; 16 April 2020 to 12 May 2020 Stringency: 78.7 Workplace: Require closing some sectors	The Netherlands sex: 1414 (66%/34%) age: 59 ± 13	WFH to NWFH: Total PA: −910 MET-min/week TRPA: −335 MET-min/week Occupational: −563 MET-min/week Complete study population: Total Change in PA: −10.4% Leisure Time-PA: −5.3% TRPA: −40% Occupation PA: −69.3% Household PA: +4.1%	Captured in study: Unemployed: Total PA: −886 MET-min/week TRPA: −290 MET-min/week Occupational: −543 MET-min/week	No change in measurements reported	Bias Risk factors: Female, Higher BMI, unemployed, occupational change. Due to COVID-19 Lockdown there is a decrease in PA. Women, unemployed and WFH show an increased decline in PA.
Schuch et al. (2021) [28]	Cross-sectional online survey asking prior to and during lockdown; 11 April 2020 to 5 2020 Stringency: 74.54 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	Brazilian Population Rio Grande do Sul state (80%), Rio de Janeiro (11%), Ceará (6%), other states (3%); Caucasians (76.3%), Mixed (18.6%), Black (2.7%), others (2.4%) sex: 1354 (27.3%/72.7%) age (y): 18–65	MVPA decrease: −78.7 min/ day (−64.28%) Sedentary increase: 179.9 min/day (+42%)	Captured in study; Unemployed/retired: MVPA: −49.9 min/day Sedentary: 133.8 min/day	No measurements collected	No differentiation between students, soldiers, and employees Bias Risk factors: Younger adults, not married, mental disorder Employed might have reduced their commuting-related PA and have likely increased their Sedentary time due to online meetings and activities
Xiao et al. (2021) [29]	Cross-sectional online survey asking prior to and during lockdown; 24 April 2020 to 11 June 2020 Stringency: 72.69 Workplace: Require closing all but essential	USA 83.1% (origin): California (47.3%), other states (35.8%), outside USA (6.4%), without remaining (10.5%) Caucasian (60.9%), Asian (24.6%), Hispanic (9.3%), others (5.2%) sex: 988 (32.1%/56.5%/11.4%) age (y): 40.9 ± 13.1	PA change overall: −15%	No controls	Decrease in physical activity produces an increase in detrimental mental health issues (2 or more) (ES = 0.52)	Protective factors male gender, high income (>150 k/year), independent work and good workstation set-up people who show a decrease in physical activity due to working from home show negative physical and mental changes
Yoshimoto et al. (2021) [30]	Cross-sectional online survey; 29 July 2020 to 19 August 2020 Stringency: 25.93 Workplace: No measures	Japan sex: 1941 (70.5%/29.5%) age: 43	WFH increased psychological stress and decreased PA WFH and PA decreased (n = 326): Pain augmented by 28.5% NWFH and PA decreased (n = 590): Pain augmented by 19.5% WFH without PA decreased (n = 195): Pain augmented by 13.8% NWFH without PA decreased (n = 830): Pain augmented by 5.7%	No controls	In WFH group 23% report an increase in pain, While in NFWH group only 11.4% report an increase in pain In the group that reduced their PA, 22.7% reported additional pain, in the group with no change only 7.2%.	WFH and decreased PA results in highest augmented pain.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index, WHO = World Health Organization, QOL = quality of life, DMSA = days of muscle strengthening activities, PA = physical activity, MVPA = moderate to vigorous PA, LTPA = leisure time PA, TRPA = transport-related PA, WRPA = work-related PA, WFH = working from home, NWFH = not WFH.