Table 1.
Reports of the studies of mammalian exposure to CPF.
| Species | Dosage/Route/Type | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rats | Initial dose of 60 mg/kg, followed every 2 months with a single dose of 45 mg/kg | Deficits in learning | [90] |
| Rat pups on PND 1–6 | Diet at a daily dose1234567of 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg (by gavage in corn oil) | Decreased levels of mRNA for nerve growth factor, muscarinic M1, and reelin receptors, and an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and inhibited brain AChE activity | [92] |
| Rat pups PND 11–16 | Daily dose 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. | For brain AChE inhibition being 1.0 mg/kg b.w./day | [93] |
| 3-month-old Long-Evans rats | Diet at a daily dose of 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg for 1 year | No effects on learning or memory | [90] |
| 3-week-old male Wistar rats | Daily dose 0.30 mg/kg b. w. normal fat | Significant increase in various hormones such as pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and tumor necrosis factor α | [94] |
| Daily dose 0.30 mg/kg b.w. high fat | Significant influence on the gut microbiome and increased glucagon-like peptide-1 | ||
| Pregnant rats from GD 6 to PND 10 | Daily dose at 0.3, 1, and 5 mg/kg b.w. | 5 mg/kg: led to a decrease in pup weights and viability index (%) and presented cholinergic signs (fasciculatins, ataxia, tremors, etc.)12345670.3 and 1 mg/kg: 8–11% decrease in the cerebellum height to brain weight ratio | [95] |
| Pregnant rats from GD 14–20 | 10 mg/kg CPF (oral) | Reduced body mass gain in mothers during treatment and increased body weight gain in male offspring from PND42 | [96] |
| Adult Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g | 10 mg/kg b.w. 28-day oral exposure | decreased GSH-Px activity in blood | [97] |
| Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats | Doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg b.w. once daily for 7 days (sunflower oil) | Inhibition of AChE activity by approximately 20% | [98] |
| CD-1 mice from GD 15–18 | 3 or 6 mg/kg/day (peanut oil) | 3 mg/kg: approximately 10% brain AChE inhibition12345676 mg/kg: 40% brain AChE inhibition 24 h after last dose | [99] |
| Pregnant CD-1 mice from GD 14–17 | 6 mg/kg CPF (oral) | Concentration of 3,5,6-TCP found in the brains of fetuses was 250 ng/g and revealed decreased cognition in males and females | [100] |
| Pregnant guinea pigs starting approximately GD 53–55 | 25 mg/kg/day formulated in peanut oil, 10th day | Decrease in AChE activity in red blood cells by approximately 75% | [75] |
| 3-week-old male C57Bl/6 and CD-1 (ICR) mice | diet at daily doses of 5 mg/kg (dissolved in corn oil) for 12 weeks | Can disturb glucose homeostasis and induce insulin resistance and effects on intestinal inflammation | [101] |
| Neonatal mice PND 10 | a single oral dose (0.1, 1.0 or 5 mg/kg b.w.) | Induced effects are not related to the classical mechanism of acute cholinergic hyperstimulation, as the AChE inhibition level (8–12%) remained below the threshold required to cause systemic toxicity | [102] |
AChE—acetylcholinesterase; GD—gestational days; PND—postnatal day; 3,5,6-TCP—urinary biomarker 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; GSH-Px—glutathione peroxidase; body weight—b.w.