Table 4.
(a): Risk of bias in individual cross-sectional studies using The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale by Dubey et al. 2022 [31]. (b): Risk of bias in individual case-control and cohort studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale by Stang et al. 2010 [32].
| (a) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-Sectional Studies | ||||||||||
| Sl. No | Author; Year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total (Out of 10) |
|||||
| Representativeness of the sample | Sample size | Non-respondents | Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor): | Comparability of different outcome groups based on the design or analysis | Ascertainment of outcome | The same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | ||||
| 1 | Dalla et al. 2005 [35] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 (low bias) | |
| 2 | Khader et al. 2009 [36] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 (low bias) | |
| 3 | Amin 2010 [37] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 (high bias) | |
| 4 | Pataro et 2012 [42] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 (moderate bias) | |
| 5 | Deshpande and Amrutiya 2017 [38] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 (high bias) | |
| 6 | Santos et al. 2019 [40] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 (moderate bias) | |
| 7 | Gulati et al. 2020 [39] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 (high bias) | |
| 8 | Maulani et al. 2021 [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 (moderate bias) | |
| 9 | Carneiro et al. 2022 [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 (moderate bias) | |
| (b) | ||||||||||
| Case Control Studies | ||||||||||
| Sl. No | Author; Year | Selection | Comparability | Exposure |
Total
(out of 9) |
|||||
| Adequate definition | Representativeness of case | Selection of Control | Definition of control | Comparability of cases and controls based on the design or analysis | Ascertainment of exposure | The same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-response rate | |||
| 1 | Sarlati et al. 2008 [43] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 (moderate bias) |
| 2 | Budduneli et al. 2014 [44] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 (low bias) |
| Cohort Studies | ||||||||||
| Sl. No | Author; Year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome |
Total
(out of 9) |
|||||
| Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Shows that outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study | Comparability of cohorts based on the design or analysis | Assessment of outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | |||
| 1 | Liden et al. 2007 [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 (low bias) |
| 2 | Gaio et al. 2016 [45] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 (low bias) |
| 3 | Nascimento et al. 2017 [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 (low bias) |
| 4 | Cetin et al. 2022 [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 (low bias) |