Table 3.
Associations of mental health with the level of resilience, family functioning and support system.
| Anxiety Symptoms 1 | Depression Symptoms 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Had Anxiety Symptoms | Normal | Had Depression Symptoms | |||
| n = 679 | n = 442 | n = 756 | n = 365 | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a, b | n (%) | n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a, b | |
| Resilience (CD-RISC-2) 3 | ||||||
| Low (0–4) (Reference) | 292 (50.2) | 290 (49.8) | 324 (55.7) | 258 (44.3) | ||
| High (5–8) | 387 (71.8) | 152 (28.2) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.50) *** | 432 (80.1) | 107 (19.9) | 0.31 (0.23, 0.40) *** |
| Family functioning (BAFFS) 4 | ||||||
| Satisfaction (3–6) (Reference) | 481 (65.6) | 252 (34.4) | 537 (73.3) | 196 (26.7) | ||
| Distress (7–12) | 198 (51.0) | 190 (49.0) | 1.90 (1.47, 2.45) *** | 219 (56.4) | 169 (43.6) | 2.15 (1.65, 2.79) *** |
| Support from family 5 | ||||||
| Low (0–5) (Reference) | 181 (55.0) | 148 (45.0) | 201 (61.1) | 128 (38.9) | ||
| High (6–10) | 498 (62.9) | 294 (37.1) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.88) ** | 555 (70.1) | 237 (29.9) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.87) ** |
| Support from peers 5 | ||||||
| Low (0–5) (Reference) | 195 (52.1) | 179 (47.9) | 227 (60.7) | 147 (39.3) | ||
| High (6–10) | 484 (64.8) | 263 (35.2) | 0.58 (0.45, 0.75) *** | 529 (70.8) | 218 (29.2) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) *** |
| Support from universities 5 | ||||||
| Low (0–5) (Reference) | 445 (58.6) | 314 (41.4) | 487 (64.2) | 272 (35.8) | ||
| High (6–10) | 234 (64.6) | 128 (35.4) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.0) * | 269 (74.3) | 93 (25.7) | 0.62 (0.47, 0.83) *** |
1 Measured by GAD-2: 2-item General Anxiety Disorder Screener, an anxiety subscale to screen for anxiety symptoms, range: 0–2, normal: 3–6, had anxiety symptoms; 2 Measured by PHQ-2: 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire, a depression subscale to screen for depression symptoms, range: 0–2, normal: 3–6, had depression symptoms; 3 Measured by CD-RISC-2: 2-item version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale to assess resilience; higher scores indicate better adaptability, range: 0–8, 0–4, low resilience, 5–8, high resilience; 4 Measured by BAFFS: 3-item Brief Assessment of Family Functioning Scale to evaluate family functioning; higher scores indicate greater distress, range: 3–12, 3–6, family satisfaction, 7–12, family distress; 5 Support from family, peers and universities; higher scores indicate better support, range: 0–10 for each item, 0–5, low support, 6–10, high support; a between-group differences of variables with adjustment of sex, age, ethnicity, education programme level, and field of study; b OR (95% CI) = odds ratio (95% confidence interval); * p = 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p< 0.001.