Table 1.

Immunomodulatory biomaterials for wound healing applications

Immunomodulatory biomaterial	Cargo	Outcome	Reference
Collagen type I and sulfated chitosan hydrogel	–	Facilitated polarization of M1-to-M2 macrophages Equilibrated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.	[57]
High-sulfated hyaluronan and collagen hydrogel	–	Increased pro-regenerative macrophage activation	[58]
Sponge of low-degree-sulfated κ/β-carrageenan	–	Secretion of anti-inflammatory factors Induced macrophage toward M2	[59]
Silk fibroin hydrogel	–	Expression of TNF-α and CD163 genes Deposition and remodeling of collagen type I and III fibers	[60]
Silk fibroin hydrogel + silica microspheres + silver nanoparticles	–	Transition from M1 to M2 macrophage phenotype Inhibition of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps Decrease in of pro-inflammatory factors	[61]
Dextran-based hydrogel + black phosphorus nanosheets + zinc oxide nanoparticles.	–	Macrophage polarization toward M2 phenotype Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines	[62]
Elastin/Gelatin hydrogel	–	Predominance of M2 macrophages Increased angiogenesis and collagen deposition	[63]
Hybrid hydrogel of glycyrrhizic acid and silk fibroin + Zn2+	–	Decreased neutrophils infiltration Decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[64]
Placenta-derived decellularized ECM hydrogel	–	Upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[65]
Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel	IL-6	Increased survival of skin allografts	[66]
Po(lylactic acid) electrospun fibers	IL-10	Macrophage polarization toward a M2 phenotype	[67]
Hyaluronic acid	anti-TNF-α	Decreased macrophage infiltration Decreased IL-1β levels on Day 1	[68]
Alginate hydrogel	FGF-2	Shift toward M2 phenotype Changes in the cytokine profile	[69]
Chitosan–silver hydrogel	bFGF	Stimulated collagen deposition Promoted M2 macrophage polarization	[70]
Hyaluronic acid, dextran and β-cyclodextrin hydrogel	Resveratrol VEGF plasmid	Decreased levels of IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression.	[71]
Gelatin-oxidized starch nanofibers	Lawsonia Inermis L. extracts	Reduced inflammatory response. Decreased levels of pro-inflammatory macrophages	[72]
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells	Promoted M2 macrophage polarization	[73]
Poly(urethane acrylate) patch	Human dermal fibroblast	Increased secretion of angiogenic factors Increased activity of inflammatory cytokines for M2 macrophages polarization	[74]
Chitosan–polyurethane hydrogel	Adipose-derived adult stem cells	Increased ratio of M2/M1. Increased production of TGFβ-1 and SDF1 Decreased production of TNF-α and IL-1β.	[55]
Fibrin hydrogel	Silver sulfadiazine Adipose-derived stem cells	Reduced expression of TNF-α. Increased neovascularization Increased collagen deposition	[75]
Aloe Vera hydrogel	Adipose-derived stem cells	Decreased levels of TGF-β1 and IL-1β (Day 7) High levels of TGF-β1 in the treated wounds (Day 14)	[76]
Collagen scaffold	(miR)-29B	Improved collagen type III/I ratio Higher matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1	[78]
β-cyclodextrin and poly(amidoamine) polymer	MMP-9siRNA	Increased content of collagen around the wounded tissues. Decreased infiltration of PMNs leukocytes	[79]