Table 5.

Preclinical (in vitro/in vivo/in silico) and clinical studies of C. camphora and its main natural bioactive molecules.

Natural bioactive molecule	Methodology	Test drug	Control	Result	Pharmacological activity /disease	Ref.
Camphor	Cell line study (male Wister rat DRG cells)	Dorsal root ganglion of adult male Wistar rats	Crt wash	Activate TRP receptor (TRPM8) and mutant channel	Analgesic by cold and heat sensitization of camphor	[50]
Citronellal	Rat module in vivo and in vitro (paw edema and peritoneal fluid leucocyte count)	50,100,200 mg/kg	Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, s.c.),	In vitro and vivo studies of citronellal significantly (p < 0.01) reduce paw edema and leucocyte count	Anti-inflammatory and analgesics	[47]
Clinical trials
Cinelol	Randomized, double-blind, clinical trial	100 mg capsule three daily for 7 days	Placebo	Symptom (headache, heaviness, secretion, and nasal obstruction) reduced	Acute non-purulent rhinosinusitis	[42]
Cineole	Randomized placebo-controlled trial (multicenter)	200 mg cineole or placebo 3 times for six months during (concomitant therapy)	Placebo	Significant improvement notes test group Improvement in dyspnea, lung function	Anti-asthmatic	[43]
Cineole (Eucalyptol)	Randomized placebo controlled clinical trial	200 mg cineole or placebo 3 times for six months during winter	Placebo	Improve lung function and health status. Reduce exacerbation and dyspnea	COPD	[44]
Cinelol	Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial	3 × 200 mg of cineole, per day for 10 days	Placebo control	Significantly reduce cough p = 0.0001	Bronchitis	[41]