Table 4.
Univariate logistic regression analysis for the association between injury history, physical examination, syndesmosis tests and clinical suspicion for the presence of syndesmosis injury
| N | OR (95%CI) | SE | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical history | ||||
| Injury [recurrent] | 150 | 0.35 (0.10–1.23) | 0.65 | 0.10 |
| Occasion [game] | 150 | 1.32 (0.56–3.10) | 0.44 | n.s |
| Contact [contact] | 138 | 0.57 (0.22–1.46) | 0.49 | n.s |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Inversion | 150 | 0.26 (0.10–0.69) | 0.50 | 0.01 |
| Eversion | 150 | 4.57 (1.62–12.89) | 0.53 | 0.00 |
| External rotation | 150 | 5.08 (0.68–37.87) | 1.03 | 0.11 |
| Internal rotation | 150 | 2.50 (0.43–14.43) | 0.89 | n.s |
| Perceived swelling | 149 | 1.01 (0.31–3.25) | 0.60 | n.s |
| Pain radiating up | 146 | 1.05 (0.38–2.89) | 0.52 | n.s |
| Clinical findings | ||||
| Presence of hematoma | 148 | 0.75 (0.29–1.94) | 0.48 | n.s |
| Tenderness to palpation | ||||
| Lateral | 150 | 0.82 (0.22–3.14) | 0.69 | n.s |
| Medial | 150 | 0.45 (0.19–1.07) | 0.44 | 0.07 |
| Anterior | 150 | 0.61 (0.23–1.63) | 0.50 | n.s |
| Posterior | 150 | 0.85 (0.24–3.27) | 0.67 | n.s |
| Tenderness length [≥ 2.5 cm] | 139 | 2.34 (0.93–5.90) | 0.47 | 0.07 |
| Normal walk | 150 | 1.65 (0.70–3.93) | 0.44 | n.s |
| Walk on toes | 147 | 1.59 (0.64–3.93) | 0.46 | n.s |
| Walk on heels | 144 | 1.06 (0.44–2.52) | 0.44 | n.s |
| Range of motion | ||||
| Pain with passive dorsal flexion | 150 | 0.77 (0.33–1.84) | 0.44 | n.s |
| Presence of swelling | 142 | 1.26 (0.34–4.67) | 0.67 | n.s |
| Lateral | 131 | 2.25 (0.62–8.15) | 0.66 | n.s |
| Medial | 131 | 1.09 (0.44–2.72) | 0.47 | n.s |
| Anterior | 131 | 0.82 (0.30–2.25) | 0.52 | n.s |
| Posterior | 131 | 0.88 (0.18–4.31) | 0.81 | n.s |
| Syndesmosis tests | ||||
| Tenderness AITFL | 150 | 1.32 (0.56–3.10) | 0.44 | n.s |
| Squeeze test | 150 | 3.23 (1.34–7.82) | 0.45 | 0.01 |
| NWB DF ER test | 148 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.01 | n.s |
| WB DF ER test | 149 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.01 | n.s |
| Fibular translation test | 147 | 0.82 (0.26–2.61) | 0.59 | n.s |
| Cotton test | 139 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.00 | n.s |
| All tests clinical tests negative | 147 | 0.92 (0.35–2.60) | 0.51 | n.s |
| Clinical suspicion | ||||
| Syndesmosis injury | 143 | 2.58 (1.01–6.60) | 0.48 | 0.05 |
The odds ratios of the independent variables associated with syndesmosis injury are presented. Values are presented as β-coefficients with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI); Standard Error (SE); P-value > 0.15 (n.s.)