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. 2022 Oct 14;12:17247. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22192-2

Table 2.

IRRs and 95% CIs of associations between non-receipt of vaccinations and IADL, IA, SR, or TMIG-IC.

Number of incapable tasks/activities Influenza vaccination Pneumococcal vaccination Neither of the two vaccinations
0 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference) 1.00 (Reference)
IADL 1* 0.93 (0.87–0.99) 1.04 (0.98–1.10) 0.97 (0.89–1.07)
2** 1.04 (0.95–1.14) 1.13 (1.05–1.23) 1.17 (1.03–1.33)
IA 1 1.05 (1.02–1.09) 1.02 (0.99–1.06) 1.07 (1.02–1.13)
2 1.04 (0.99–1.09) 1.10 (1.08–1.12) 1.18 (1.11–1.25)
SR 1 1.08 (1.04–1.12) 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 1.06 (1.01–1.12)
2 1.12 (1.08–1.16) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 1.13 (1.07–1.20)
TMIG-IC 1 1.05 (1.004–1.09) 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 1.05 (0.99–1.12)
2 1.11 (1.07–1.15) 1.02 (0.99–1.06) 1.14 (1.08–1.21)

IRR incident rate ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, IADL instrumental activity of daily life, IA intellectual activity, SR social role, TMIG-IC Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.

*Incapable of any one task/activity.

**Incapable of any two tasks/activities. IRRs and 95% CIs were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, equivalized income, household structure, smoking status, self-rated health, medical checkup, family physician, patient’s questioning attitude, high-risk disease, pneumonia, or influenza vaccination (only for non-receipt of influenza or pneumococcal vaccination), history of influenza or pneumonia, geriatric depression, homeboundness, civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity.