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. 2022 Oct 14;13:6070. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33691-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Cross-sectional schematic of the electrochemical cell for operando XAS, showing the a-Si(20 nm)/Ni(20 nm) and Li electrodes and the LP30 electrolyte. A Si₃N₄(100 nm) membrane is used as the X-ray transparent window and the electrodes are connected to an external circuit allowing operando cycling. TEY-XAS is enabled by measuring the current generated under X-ray illumination, employing a beam-chopper and lock-in amplifier set-up to separate faradaic and TEY currents. b Deconstructed 3D cell design, showing the positions of the O-rings, flanges, membrane, Li electrode and separator. c Photograph of operando cell in the experimental setup.