Table 1.

Organizational differences between MNEs and MNPs

Organizational features	Multinational enterprises (MNEs)	Multinational platforms (MNPs)
Organizational structure	Integration of geographically dispersed units	Loose coupling with global complementors
Ecosystem stakeholders	Contractually bound supply chain partners	Complementors and users
Structural feature of the ecosystem	Closed membership Linear, pipeline-like relationship	Open membership Interdependence between complementors and users
Main interface with the host environment	Host-country subsidiaries	Host/third-country complementors
Governance of the interface	Fiat	Coordination