Table 4.

Future research questions

	Global platforms	Multidomestic platforms
Ecosystem social impacts	What platform governance rules and designs do global platforms deploy to establish and enforce ecosystem-wide norms? How do they differ from global supply chain governance? How do global platforms balance the globally integrated ecosystem norm and idiosyncratic expectations by host-country ecosystem participants in maintaining both ESR standards and additional costs?	To what extent and when can multidomestic platforms improve ESR by only emphasizing the social benefit the organizational form enables? How does the perceived level of social impact multidomestic platforms have on ecosystem participants depend on the institutional environment of a host country?
Social dimensions of competitive context	How does institutional diversity affect the legitimacy of global platforms’ organizational form? How does institutional distance affect global platforms’ social performance and competitiveness in a host country? Why do global platforms engage more in ESR initiatives in stronger institutions, as opposed to MNEs’ stronger CSR commitment in weaker institutions?	What elements of the governance rules do multidomestic platforms commonly adjust in response to local stakeholders’ demands? What is the role of non-market strategy in multidomestic platforms’ management of local stakeholder relationships?
General societal issues	Under what circumstances are global platforms more efficient in addressing general societal issues than NGOs and governments? When and to what extent does global platforms’ investment in addressing global societal issues generate strategic value?	How does entry mode of high versus low commitment affect multidomestic platforms' ability and effectiveness in committing ESR initiatives that address locally relevant, general societal issues? How do multidomestic platforms choose peer groups in conforming to expectations of general societal ESR?