Table 2.
The therapeutic effects of common natural compounds and drugs in the targeted regulation of ROS-mediated pathogenesis of psoriasis
| Chemical or drug | Mechanism | Administration | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Galangin | Neutralization of harmful ROS to induce NRF2/OH-1 expression | Topical daily (0.5 mg cream) | [54] |
| Acitretin | Activation of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway-GSH synthesis | Oral (5 mg/kg, daily) | [65] |
| PDE4 inhibitor | Inhibition inactivation of p47 subunit protein | Topical | [41, 136] |
| Ambroxol | Reduction of ROS-NF-κB/ERK/JNK signaling pathway and improvement of the expression of SOD-2 and NRF2 | Subcutaneous group (30 mg/kg) | [66] |
| Hemin | Suppression of iNOS in macrophages | Intraperitoneally injected every week (4 mmol/L) | [77] |
| Hemin | Inactivation of STAT3 through upregulating SHP-1 expression to suppress Stat3-controlled aberrant keratinocyte hyperproliferation and differentiation | Topical | [51] |
| Curcumin | Activation of OH-1, leading to reduction of MAPK activation with the function of maintenance of DC in an immature and tolerogenic phenotype with significantly reduced pro-inflammatory responses | Ex-vivo psoriasis PBMC (5 µM) | [75] |
| DMF/FAEs | Modulation of the phenotypic switch of immune cell types through glutathione depletion and reprogramming the cellular redox balance | Oral (240 mg/day) | [76, 129, 148–150] |
| Cannabidiol (CBD) | Reduction of NETosis formation via inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidase and MPO | Neutrophils from psoriatic patients (10 µg/mL) | [87] |
| Ibrutinib | Attenuation of IMQ-induced oxidative stress in CD11c+DCs and neutrophils | Intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg/daily) | [96] |
| Proanthocyanidins | Increase the ratio of Treg:Th17 cells and blockade of MAPK/NF-κB/HO-1 signaling pathway | Topical daily (20 µM) | [100, 137] |
| MTH1 inhibitors | Normalization of the neutrophils and T cells frequencies in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes, decrease of IL-17-producing γδ T cells and preventation of IL-17-downstream genes in KCs | Ex-vivo psoriasis PBMC/ HEKn/Th17-driven inflammation in mice | [102] |
| Astragalus sinicus L. | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling cascades in cytokine-stimulated KCs, and suppression of CD4+ T cells differentiated into Th2 and Th17 cell subsets via scavenging intracellular ROS | HaCaT/ CD4+ T cells/IL-23-induced psoriasis-like mouse model | [101] |