Table 3.

Nanomaterials used for transdermal drug delivery in psoriasis treatment

Nanomaterials	Composition	Advantages	Limitations	References
Liposomes	Phospholipid, cholesterol, oleic acid	Encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug	Oxidative degradation and limited skin penetration	[151–154]
Polymers/micelles	Polyethylene glycol ligands; poly(ε-caprolactone)	Biocompatibility; stable biological activity; sustained release of encapsulated dugs; relatively long-circulating drug carriers, increased solubility of hydrophobic drugs	Relatively low drug loading capacity and highly dependent on critical micellar concentration	[155–157]
Nanoparticles	Various inorganic nanoparticles (silver, gold and cerium oxide)	Sustain the release of the drug, reduction in side effects, high drug loading capacity	Lower biocompatibility; potential skin irritation	[158, 159]
Natural bioactive compound	Bilirubin, polyphenols, flavonoids, lithocholic, melatonin	Clinical translation availability, good biocompatibility	Lower hydrophobicity	[160–163]
Hydrogels	Hydrophilic polymers, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, bioactive nanoparticles and drugs used to construct hydrogels through various chemical or physical cross-links	Good hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, good moisture, retention, avoidance of the intrusion of external bacteria caused by materials’ breakage, appropriate microstructure	-	[164–167]
Microneedles	Solid, hydrogel, siRNA, drugs and polymers	Biodegradable, higher transdermal delivery efficiency	Infection-associated risks; a lack of precise drug dosage	[168–170]