Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (n = 2708) according to obesity and NAFLD status
| Without NAFLD | NAFLD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Non-obese (n = 935) |
Obese (n = 438) |
Obese (n = 851) |
Non-obese (n = 484) |
|
| Men (%) | 524 (56.0) | 292 (66.7) * | 606 (71.0) * | 283 (58.4) †§ |
| Age (year) | 55.2 (12.1) | 55.7 (12.2) | 48.9 (13.7) *† | 52.5 (12.0) *†§ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 (2.05) | 27.4 (2.39) * | 28.3 (3.02) *† | 23.1 (1.60) *†§ |
| Waist circumstance (cm) | 86.8 (26.4) | 97.0 (8.43) * | 99.9 (9.37) *† | 89.3 (6.31) †§ |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129 (21.4) | 135 (20.0) * | 135 (41.8) * | 129 (18.9) †§ |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.4 (12.2) | 82.1 (11.8) * | 85.8 (12.3) *† | 82.0 (11.6) *§ |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.37 (3.21) | 8.39 (2.90) | 9.19 (3.42) *† | 8.95 (3.50) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.68 (0.81–3.17) | 2.78 (1.35–5.12) * | 3.38 (1.79–5.48) * | 2.27 (1.25–4.09) *§ |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.17 (2.54) | 8.78 (2.30) * | 9.51 (2.24) *† | 9.79 (2.37) *† |
| TC (mg/dL) | 170 (45.8) | 165 (44.0) | 183 (51.8) *† | 185 (48.7) *† |
| TG (mg/dL) | 139 (92.1–213) | 168 (112–272) * | 241 (159–390) *† | 218 (142–381) *†§ |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 105 (36.9) | 100 (36.2) | 107 (36.9) † | 110 (37.8) † |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.8 (12.6) | 40.0 (9.94) * | 36.4 (8.09) *† | 38.6 (9.52) *§ |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 127 (43.6) | 124 (42.9) | 147 (51.8) *† | 145 (46.5) *† |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.0 (12.0–22.0) | 19.0 (13.8–27.0) * | 27.0 (18.0–41.0) *† | 21.0 (15.0–30.0) *†§ |
| AST (U/L) | 17.0 (14.0–21.0) | 18.0 (15.0–24.0) * | 21.0 (17.0–29.0) *† | 18.0 (15.0–24.0) *§ |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 20.0 (15.0–31.0) | 26.0 (19.0–38.0) * | 38.0 (26.0–57.0) *† | 31.0 (20.0–46.0) *†§ |
| Cr (µmol/L) | 68.0 (56.0–85.0) | 76.0 (60.5–95.0) * | 71.0 (60.0–83.0) † | 64.0 (54.0–78.2) *†§ |
| UA (µmol/L) | 305 (187) | 339 (108) * | 367 (103) *† | 320 (95.3) § |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 90.8 (26.3) | 85.6 (26.3) * | 98.2 (22.3) *† | 98.5 (21.9) *† |
| UACR (mg/g) | 14.1 (6.80–50.2) | 17.4 (7.10–101) * | 15.6 (6.70–48.9) † | 11.9 (6.60–27.1) *†§ |
| IMT (mm) | 0.77 (0.39) | 0.79 (0.25) | 0.75 (0.19) | 0.74 (0.15) |
| SAT (cm2) | 133 (43.1) | 194 (43.8) * | 233 (73.2) *† | 162 (42.8) *†§ |
| VAT (cm2) | 55.2 (32.9) | 104 (41.9) * | 123 (45.4) *† | 81.5 (30.1) *†§ |
| VSR | 0.36 (0.22) | 0.47 (0.17) * | 0.49 (0.13) * | 0.45 (0.17) * |
| T2DM duration (year) | 7.84 (7.11) | 8.44 (7.61) | 4.90 (5.98) *† | 5.54 (6.56) *† |
| Smoking (%) | 241 (25.7) | 116 (26.5) | 283 (33.2) *† | 134 (27.7) |
| BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg (%) | 570 (61.0) | 308 (70.3) * | 664 (78.0) *† | 330 (68.2) *§ |
| HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (%) | 718 (78.1) | 332 (76.9) | 744 (88.2) *† | 424 (88.5) *† |
| TG ≥ 150 mg/dL (%) | 419 (45.3) | 246 (57.1) * | 664 (78.2) *† | 348 (72.5) *†§ |
| LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL (%) | 485 (52.5) | 211 (49.0) | 482 (57.0) † | 286 (60.0) *† |
| HDL-C ≤ 40/50 mg/dL for men/women (%) | 531 (57.5) | 287 (66.4) * | 681 (80.7) *† | 347 (72.6) *§ |
| HFpEF (%) | 145 (16.7) | 76 (18.9) | 160 (20.1) | 107 (23.5) * |
| LVH (%) | 131 (14.6) | 78 (18.6) | 105 (12.8) † | 51 (10.9) † |
| Anti-diabetic drugs (%) | 678 (72.5) | 290 (66.2) * | 513 (60.3) * | 286 (59.1) *† |
| SUs | 186 (19.9) | 76 (17.4) | 132 (15.5) | 81 (16.7) |
| Non-SUs | 33 (3.53) | 8 (1.83) | 17 (2.00) | 11 (2.27) |
| Biguanides | 297 (31.8) | 155 (35.4) | 283 (33.3) | 160 (33.1) |
| AGIs | 269 (28.8) | 123 (28.1) | 174 (20.4) *† | 93 (19.2) *† |
| TZDs | 60 (6.42) | 48 (11.0) * | 61 (7.17) | 24 (4.96) † |
| DPP-4Is | 83 (8.88) | 45 (10.3) | 52 (6.11) | 55 (11.4) § |
| SGLT-2Is | 39 (4.17) | 22 (5.02) | 40 (4.70) | 14 (2.89) |
| Insulin | 337 (36.0) | 185 (42.2) | 210 (24.7) *† | 117 (24.2) *† |
| GLP-1RAs | 5 (0.53) | 11 (2.51) * | 19 (2.23) * | 4 (0.83) |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 283 (30.3) | 221 (50.5) * | 340 (40.0) *† | 143 (29.5) †§ |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 101 (10.8) | 73 (16.7) * | 107 (12.6) | 56 (11.6) |
| Degree of steatosis (%) a | ||||
| Mild | - | - | 267 (61.2) | 205 (80.7) |
| Moderate | - | - | 128 (29.4) | 42 (16.5) |
| Severe | - | - | 41 (9.40) | 7 (2.76) |
| History of CVD (%) | 139 (14.9) | 95 (21.7) * | 109 (12.8) † | 44 (9.09) *† |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transferase; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; IMT, intima-media thickness; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; VSR, visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; SUs, sulfonylureas; AGIs, α-glucosidase inhibitors; TZDs, thiazolidinediones; DPP-4Is, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2Is, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; CVD, cardiovascular disease
Data are presented as means (SDs), medians (IQRs), or numbers (percentages) depending on their distribution
a n = 690;
* p < 0.05 compared with the group of non-obese without NAFLD;
† p < 0.05 compared with the group of obesity without NAFLD;
§ p < 0.05 compared with the group of obesity with NAFLD.