Table 1.
Clinical presentation and complications of SCD.
| System/organ | Complications |
|---|---|
| Neurological | Stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic) |
| Eyes | Retinopathy |
| Respiratory | Acute chest syndrome, asthma |
| Cardiovascular | Cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), venous thromboembolism |
| Spleen | Acute splenic sequestration, chronic splenomegaly |
| Hepato-biliary | Sickle hepatopathy (hepatic sequestration, viral hepatitis, sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis, cholelithiasis), transfusion iron overload |
| Renal | Proteinuria, painless hematuria, hyposthenuria, renal impairment/failure |
| Genital | Priapism |
| Bones and joints | Acute vaso-occlusive pain crisis, chronic pain, avascular necrosis, aplastic crisis, multifocal osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, fronto-occipital bossing, gnathopathy |
| Skin | Chronic leg ulcers |
| Other | Infections, girdle/mesenteric crisis, delayed growth and puberty, jaundice, pallor, depression, anxiety, and poor academic performance |