Table 1.
Summary of the senescence-inducing action of LPS.
| Bacterial Species of LPS | Condition | Target Cells | Responses | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA-β-Gal Staining | Induction of SASP Factors | Induction of Molecules for Cell Cycle Arrest | Other Responses | ||||
| P. gingivalis | 10 ng/mL, 6 days | Mouse periodontal alveolar osteocytes | + | ICAM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP1, MMP12, MMP13 | p16, p21, p53 | Disordered distribution of F-actin | [84] |
| E. coli | 10 ng/mL, 6 days (3 or 6 times) | Human dental pulp stem cells | + | NA | p21, p53 | Disordered distribution of F-actin Increased nuclear localization of NF-κB p65 |
[86] |
| Species not described | 10 ng/mL, 6 days (3 or 6 times) | BV2 mouse microglial cells | + | NA | p53 | Increased SAHF formation | [85] |
| Species not described | 15 µg/mL, 7 days | A549 human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells | + | NA | NA | Increased lysosomal content Telomere shortening |
[83] |
| Species not described | 0.2 µg/mL, 24 h | Mouse adipocyte progenitor cells | + | TNF-α, IL-6, MCP1, VEGF-A, HIF-1α | NA | Increased expression of C/EBPβ, p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 | [87] |
| Species not described | 1 µg/mL, 24 h | THP-1 human macrophage-like cells | + | IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL1 | p16, p21, p53 | Increased expression of NF-κB | [88] |
| Species not described | 1 µg/mL, 24 h | HUVECs | NA | NA | p21, p53 | Increased expression of NF-κB p65 | [89] |
NA: not assessed.