Induction of autophagy is required for evogliptin to prevent inflammatory and fibrotic signaling in liver cells. (A) Real-time RT-PCR analysis of the effect of evogliptin on LPS-induced inflammatory signaling in primary hepatocytes from ATG7f/f-Cre+ mice. ** p < 0.01 relative to the control,#
p < 0.05,
##
p < 0.01 relative to LPS. (B) iNOS production and cytokine secretion in primary hepatocytes from ATG7f/f-Cre+ mice. ** p < 0.01 relative to the control, #
p < 0.05, ##
p < 0.01 relative to LPS. (C) Western blot analysis of the effect of evogliptin on TGF-β-induced CTGF expression in primary hepatocytes from ATG7f/f-Cre+ mice. Data in the bar graph are represented as the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 relative to the control, #
p < 0.05 relative to TGF-β.