Tumor growth delay compared to untreated (control) LLC tumors grown in the rear limb of C57 mice. Groups contained 5–10 individually treated mice and the data is plotted as the mean with SD. SN-38 2 mg/kg or RTLs loaded with SN-38 corresponding to 2 mg/kg were injected IV on days 0, 3 and 6. Radiation was administered to the tumor at a dose of 5 Gy on days 0, 3 and 6. In the combined treatment group, RTLs (SN-38) were given IV at 2 mg/kg and 4 h after injection the tumor was irradiated with 5 Gy. The average tumor volume at days 2–8 after the start of treatment in the combined therapy group was significantly lower (p < 0.0002–0.04, Student’s t-test comparing average fold change in tumor volume) than either monotherapy or control group. By day 10, the last day of measurement, the tumors had all started to regrow at a similar rate since therapy had ended on day 6.