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. 2022 Sep 29;23(19):11503. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911503

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential impact of milk exosome (MEX) miR-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification of pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX-1). MEX miR-induced suppression of fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (FTO) may stabilize m6A on PDX1 mRNA, enhancing PDX-1 expression and promoting β cell proliferation. MEX miR-stimulated activation of mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IMP2) as well as H19-mediated sponging of let-7 may further augment PDX-1 expression, supporting β cell proliferation.