ABCA1	ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily A, member1
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AQP7	aquaporin 7
ATG5	autophagy-related 5
ATM	adipose tissue macrophage
BAT	brown adipose tissue
BCAA	branched-chain amino acid
BECN1	beclin 1
BIRC5	baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5
bmMDE	bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome
CDK4	cyclin-dependent kinase 4
CDKN1A	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
CDKN1B	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
CDKN2A	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
CHREBP	carbohydrate response element-binding protein
CPT1A	carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, liver
DNMT1	DNA methyltransferase 1
DNMT3A	DNA methyltransferase 3A
DNMT3B	DNA methyltransferase 3B
E2F1	E2F transcription factor 1
ELF3	E74-like factor 3
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERRγ	estrogen-related receptor γ
ESRRG	estrogen-related receptor γ
EV	extracellular vesicle
FFAR4	free fatty acid receptor 4
FIH-1	factor inhibiting HIF-1
FoxO1A	forkhead box O1A
FoxO3A	forkhead box O3A
FoxP3	forkhead box P3
FTO	α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxigenase
GDM	gestational diabetes mellitus
GH	growth hormone
GHR	growth hormone receptor
GLUT1	glucose transporter 1
GSIS	glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3β
H19	long non-coding RNA H19
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
HIF1AN	hypoxia-inducible factor 1α inhibitor
HK1	hexokinase 1
HoP	Holder pasteurization
HPP	high pressure processing
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IGF1R	insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
IGF2BP2	insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IMP2)
INS	insulin
INSR	insulin receptor
IRS2	insulin receptor substrate 2
JAK2	anus kinase 2
KATP	ATP-sensitive potassium channel
LAMP2A	lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A
LDHA	lactate dehydrogenase A
LIN28A	LIN28 homolog A
LIN28B	LIN28 homolog B
LKB1	serine/threonine protein kinase 11
MAFA	MAF bZIP transcription factor A
MAFB	MAF bZIP transcription factor B
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
MAX	MAX protein
m6A	N6-methyladenosine
MCT1	monocarboxylate transporter 1
MDM2	MDM2 protooncogene
MDM4	MDM4 regulator of p53
MECP2	methyl CpG binding protein 2
METTL3	methyltransferase 3, N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex catalytic subunit
METTL14	methyltransferase 14, N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex catalytic subunit
MEX	milk exosome
MGST1	glutathione S-transferase, microsomal, 1
miR	micro-ribonucleic acid
MSC	mesenchymal stem cell
MYC	MYC protooncogen, bHLH transcription factor
mTORC1	mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
NANOG	NANOG homeobox
NCOA1	nuclear receptor coactivator 1
NEUROD1	neurogenic differentiation 1
NKX2.2	NK2 homeobox 2
NKX6.1	NK6 homeobox 1
NRIP1	nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1
OCT4	POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1
OXPHOS	oxidative phosphorylation
PAX4	paired box gene 4
PAX6	paired box gene 6
PBMC	peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PDGFRA	platelet-derived growth factor receptor α
PDH	pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDX-1	pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
PIK3IP1	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-interacting protein 1
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
PRAS40	proline-rich AKT substrate 40-KD
PRKAA1	protein kinase, AMP-activated, catalytic, α1
PRKAG2	protein kinase, AMP-activated, noncatalytic, γ-2;
PRL	prolactin
PRLR	prolactin receptor
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog
PUFA	polyunsaturated fatty acid
RIP140	receptor interacting protein 140
RAF1	RAF1 protooncogene, serine/threonine kinase
SCO2	SCO cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 2
SESN1	sestrin 1
SESN2	sestrin 2
SLC2A1	solute carrier family 2, member 1
SLC2A2	solute carrier family 2, member 2
SLC16A1	solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporter), member 1
SMAD2	SMAD family member 2
SMAD3	SMAD family member 3
SNCA	synuclein α
STZ	streptozotocin
TIGAR	TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
T1DM	type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TGFBR2	transforming growth factor-β receptor type 2
TNFRSF10B	tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10B;
TP53	tumor protein p53
TSC2	tuberin
UHT	ultraheat treatment
USP4	ubiquitin-specific protease 4
UTR	untranslated region
VHL	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor