Table 2.

Perinatal factors modifying MEX miR signaling.

Impact Factors	Effects on MEX miR Concentrations	References
Maternal obesity	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a} \downarrow$ miR-30b $\downarrow$	[417]
Gestational diabetes mellitus	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a} \downarrow$ miR-30b $\downarrow$	[429]
Maternal stress during pregnancy	$\mathrm{miR}-155 \uparrow \mathrm{miR}-96\uparrow$	[402]
Caesarean delivery	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a} \downarrow$ miR-125b $\downarrow$	[153]
Oxytocin treatment	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a} \uparrow$ miR-30 $\uparrow$ miR-320 $\downarrow$	[438]
Holder pasteurized human donor milk	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a}\downarrow$	[457]
Preterm birth	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a} \uparrow$ miR-22 $\uparrow$	[182,370]
Infant formula	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a}\downarrow \downarrow$ (below detection limit)	[153,158,458]
Soy protein-based formula	Impaired intestinal MEX miR uptake	[459]
Raw cow milk	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a}\uparrow \uparrow$ miR-21 $\uparrow \uparrow$	[158,475]
Pasteurized cow milk	miR-148a $\uparrow$ miR-21 $\uparrow$ miR-30d $\uparrow$	[475,476]
Ultraheat-treated cow milk	$\mathrm{miR}-148\mathrm{a}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{others}\mathrm{miRs}\downarrow \downarrow$	[475,476]

One arrow up = upregualtion; two arrows up = extensive upregulation; one arrow down = downregualtion; two arrows down = extensive downregulation.