Table 1.
Overview evaluation of the effect of ZnO and FRSM treatments on global protein expression after LPS action.
| Functional Classification |
Experimental Treatments | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expression Level | Control (%) |
LPS (%) |
ZnO (%) |
FRSM (%) |
ZnO + LPS (%) |
FRSM + LPS (%) |
|
|
Cytokines (19 proteins) |
Overexpressed (%) | 0.00 a | 17.91 b ± 2.9 | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 1.49 c ± 0.9 |
| Suppressed (%) | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 7.46 c | 5.97 d | 11.94 b | 5.97 d | |
| No effect (%) | 0.00 a | 10.46 d ± 5.1 | 20.89 b ± 4.2 | 22.39 b ± 3.9 | 16.42 c ± 3.7 | 20.90 b ± 1.9 | |
|
Chemokines (12 proteins) |
Overexpressed (%) | 0.00 a | 11.94 b ± 1.2 | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 0.0 a |
| Suppressed (%) | 0.00 a | 0.00 a | 1.49 c ± 0.4 | 1.49 c ± 0.7 | 4.48 b ± 1.0 | 1.49 c ± 0.2 | |
| No effect (%) | 0.00 a | 5.97 c ± 1.1 | 16.43 b ± 2.7 | 16.42 b ± 1.9 | 13.43 b ± 1.5 | 16.41 b ± 1.3 | |
|
Signaling molecules (36 proteins) |
Overexpressed (%) | 0.00 a | 35.82 b ± 3.9 | 19.40 c ± 2.0 | 11.94 c ± 1.7 | 10.45 c ± 1.6 | 8.96 c ± 1.3 |
| Suppressed (%) | 0.00 a | 1.49 f ± 0.8 | 4.48 d ± 0.8 | 8.95 c ± 1.2 | 2.98 e ± 0.3 | 13.44 b ± 2.2 | |
| No effect (%) | 0.00 a | 16.41 d ± 2.1 | 29.85 c ± 4.3 | 32.84 c ± 3.7 | 40.30 b ± 2.8 | 31.34 c ± 3.3 | |
Co-cultured cells were incubated with FRSM extract (1/50 dilution) and ZnO (50 µM) either alone or followed by challenge after 4 h with 1 µg/mL LPS and further incubation for another 24 h. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SEM). Values within a row with different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050). Control = untreated control cells; LPS = cells treated with 1 µg/mL LPS; ZnO = cells treated with ZnO (50 µM); ZnO + LPS = cells treated with ZnO 4 h + LPS for another 24 h; FRSM = cells treated with FRSM (1/50); FRSM + LPS = cells treated with FRSM 4 h + LPS for another 24 h.