Table 2.
The effect of ZnO and FRSM extract on protein expressions of pro-, anti-inflammatory, and inflammation-regulation cytokines in co-cultured Caco-2/HT29-MTX.
| Experimental Treatments | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines Involvement | Protein Name | Control (%) | LPS (%) |
ZnO (%) |
FRSM (%) |
ZnO + LPS (%) | FRSM + LPS (%) |
SEM |
| Inflammatory response | IL-1α | 100 a | 142.9 b ± 33.2 | 63.4 c ± 18.5 | 74.0 abc ± 12.3 | 62.6 c ± 9.3 | 126.3 ab ± 31.2 | 10.4 |
| IL-1β | 100 ab | 141.8 b ± 18.5 | 101.5 ab ± 25.6 | 91.8 a ± 21.0 | 82.2 a ± 20.0 | 82.3 a ± 10.2 | 9.6 | |
| IL-2 | 100 a | 112.1 a ± 21.8 | 49.6 b ± 10.9 | 57.8 b ± 9.2 | 55.9 b ± 17.8 | 59.1 b ± 10.5 | 2.7 | |
| IL-6 | 100 ab | 126.7 a ± 20.7 | 69.1 ab ± 10.5 | 111.8 ab ± 48.4 | 61.0 b ± 12.4 | 102.7 a ± 28.5 | 9.5 | |
| IL-12 p40/p70 | 100 a | 138.1 b ± 20.3 | 102.6 ab ± 40.3 | 104.7 ab ± 24.5 | 85.4 a ± 27.7 | 104.6 ab ± 15.8 | 6.3 | |
| IL-15 | 100 a | 141.6 b ± 17.0 | 99.6 ab ± 11.5 | 104.5 ab ± 21.5 | 78.4 ab ± 16.2 | 111.7 ab ± 19.8 | 8.2 | |
| TNF-α | 100 a | 165.0 b ± 20.9 | 114.9 ab ± 16.2 | 102.9 a ± 20.2 | 129.3 ab ± 11.4 | 114.9 ab ± 16.3 | 4.1 | |
| TNF-β | 100 a | 109.7 a ± 7.9 | 65.3 b ± 17.7 | 59.3 bc ± 14.6 | 40.1 c ± 6.41 | 47.9 bc ± 6.4 | 5.8 | |
| IFN-γ | 100 a | 141.7 b ± 15.9 | 116.3 ab ± 18.7 | 111.8 ab ± 5.7 | 107.1 a ± 14.5 | 106.1 a ± 8.2 | 1.8 | |
| MCSF | 100 a | 154.3 b ± 25.9 | 108.9 a ± 28.9 | 101.5 a ± 26.6 | 101.8 a ± 17.8 | 108.3 a ± 24.4 | 5.3 | |
| GCSF | 100 a | 193.1 b ± 13.9 | 79.2 a ± 19.7 | 88.1 a ± 18.1 | 89.3 a ± 15.4 | 152.5 b ± 12.3 | 2.7 | |
| OncostainM | 100 a | 148.3 b ± 19.4 | 95.5 a ± 15.6 | 113.3 ab ± 23.4 | 79.8 a ± 11.9 | 108.68 a ± 6.2 | 7.6 | |
| Anti-inflammatory response | IL-4 | 100 ab | 101.4 a ± 13.9 | 79.5 b ± 14.7 | 83.5 ab ± 24.9 | 59.4 c ± 12.7 | 92.5 ab ± 8.3 | 9.6 |
| IL-10 | 100 a | 95.1 a ± 16.7 | 85.2 a ± 18.9 | 75.1 ab ± 19.4 | 63.0 b ± 14.0 | 95.1 a ± 16.7 | 7.6 | |
| IL-13 | 100 a | 127.4 a ± 23.4 | 52.2 b ± 12.8 | 77.4 ab ± 12.9 | 65.6 b ± 11.8 | 96.0 a ± 15.6 | 10.3 | |
| Regulation of inflammatory response | IL-3 | 100 a | 161.9 b ± 34.1 | 88.0 a ± 21.03 | 85.9 a ± 16.1 | 81.1 a ± 15.1 | 91.1 a ± 17.5 | 3.9 |
| IL-7 | 100 a | 204.3 b ± 17.2 | 59.4 c ± 18.2 | 63.8 c ± 3.6 | 55.6 c ± 8.6 | 59.2 c ± 4.6 | 7.6 | |
| IL-5 | 100 a | 189.5 b ± 27.3 | 58.4 c ± 9.4 | 73.2 c ± 10.9 | 47.0 c ± 6.9 | 56.4 c ± 2.7 | 4.9 | |
| GM-CSF | 100 ab | 139.0 b ± 29.3 | 76.8 ab ± 18.3 | 84.2 b ± 17.4 | 74.6 b ± 7.6 | 112.6 ab ± 27.5 | 10.1 | |
Co-cultured cells were incubated with FRSM extract (1/50 dilution) and ZnO (50 µM) alone or followed by challenge after 4 h with 1 µg/mL LPS and further incubation for another 24 h. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SEM). Values within a row with different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050). IL = interleukin; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCSF = macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GCSF = Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF = Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Control = untreated control cells; LPS = cells treated with 1 µg/mL LPS; ZnO = cells treated with ZnO (50 µM); ZnO + LPS = cells treated with ZnO 4 h + LPS for another 24 h; FRSM = cells treated with FRSM (1/50); FRSM + LPS = cells treated with FRSM 4 h + LPS for another 24 h.