| AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
| IGF 1 and 2 | insulin-like growth factor I and II |
| GLUT | glucose transporter |
| BBB | blood–brain barrier |
| NMDA | N-methyl-d-aspartate |
| AMPA | α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid |
| IDE | insulin-degrading enzyme |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| GSK-3β | glycogen synthase kinase-3β |
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