Figure 9.

DIM activates hepatic Nrf2 and attenuates CCl₄-induced ROS, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines in mouse liver fibrosis. (A) Expression levels of Nrf2 and antioxidative proteins in liver tissues were determined by Western blotting. (B) Effects of DIM on the production of ROS by calculating relative fluorescence unit (RFU)/µg protein. (C) Analysis of CCl₄-induced lipid peroxidation by measuring MDA levels using a commercial kit. (D) Anti-inflammatory effects of DIM on the expression of inflammatory cytokines by Western blotting. All data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 7). ^### p < 0.001 denotes significant differences compared to the group treated with DIM only; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 denote significant difference compared to the CCl₄ group.