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. 2022 Sep 26;23(19):11348. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911348

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of antibiotic-loaded silver nano flowers (Ag NFs). (A) Synthesis of Ag NFs. (B) Evolutionary process of NOR-resistant strains. (C) Norfloxacin (NOR) alone does not eradicate NOR-resistant E. coli. (D) Ag NFs alone cannot eradicate NOR-resistant E. coli. (E) Combination of Ag NFs and NOR eradicates NOR-resistant E. coli. (F) Metabolomic studies revealed that the combination of Ag NFs and antibiotics combined improved the antimicrobial effect through the release of silver ions and stimulation of the TCA cycle (five upregulated metabolites in the TCA cycle are marked in blue).