Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 26;23(19):11348. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911348

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials remove biofilm by disrupting extracellular polymeric substance. (a) Schematic illustration of biofilm disruption by nanorobots. (b) The antibiofilm effect of nanorobots in the U-shaped tube. (c) Schematic illustration of biofilm disruption by photosensitizer nanoplatform (MagTBO). (d) The antibiofilm effect of MagTBO and toluidine-blue ortho (TBO) alone. Values indicated by different letters are statistically different from each other (p < 0.05). (e) Environmental DNA (eDNA) alterations in biofilms with different treatment (red represents live bacteria and blue represents eDNA). (a,b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (c,d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (e) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.